Zola 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 https://sekun.eu/atom.xml 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/django-huey-sequential-limit-jobs/ <h2 id="tldr">TLDR</h2> <p>Avec l'implémentation du décorateur <code>pause_seconds</code>disponible à la fin de l'article, les tâches <em>send_hello_world</em> s'exécuteront séquentiellement, avec 10 secondes de pause après chacune.</p> <pre data-lang="py" class="language-py z-code"><code class="language-py" data-lang="py"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">task</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">retries</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">retry_delay</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">60</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pause_seconds</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">send-email<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">seconds</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_hello_world</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_mail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Hello<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">World !<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">from@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">to@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>J'ai longtemps utilisé celery pour lancer des tâches en arrière-plan, je configurais alors redis, celery-worker, celery-beat et celery-flower pour le monitoring. J'utilise maintenance <a href="https://huey.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">huey</a>, car il vient sans dépendance, est intégrable avec django, et peut utiliser sqlite3 plutôt que redis pour gérer les tâches qui doivent s'exécuter.</p> <p>J'ai donc une base de donnée supplémentaire, et dois juste (avec django) lancer la commande <code>./manage.py run_huey</code>.</p> <p>Une fonctionnalité que j'utilisais beaucoup avec celery est l'option <a href="https://docs.celeryq.dev/en/stable/userguide/tasks.html#Task.rate_limit">rate_limit</a> de <code>Task</code>, notamment pour l'envoi d'e-mail, car certains serveurs limitent le nombre d'e-mails envoyés par heure, je pouvais donc simplement écrire par exemple: <code>@task(rate_limit="100/m")</code>.</p> <p>Huey ne propose pas cette fonctionnalité, mais permet <a href="https://huey.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide.html#locking-tasks">nativement</a> d'empêcher que plusieurs tâches s'exécutent en même temps. Si une deuxième tâche vient à se lancer alors que la première est toujours en cours, une <code>TaskLockedException</code> sera renvoyée. Une astuce est d'intercepter cette exception, et de relancer la tâche via <a href="https://huey.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#RetryTask">RetryTask</a>.</p> <p>Les tâches pourront être définies comme suit:</p> <pre data-lang="py" class="language-py z-code"><code class="language-py" data-lang="py"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> filename: tasks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">huey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">contrib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">djhuey</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">task</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">django</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">core</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">mail</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_mail</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-relative z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">utils</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pause_seconds</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> implémentation plus loin </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">task</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">retries</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">retry_delay</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">60</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pause_seconds</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">send-email<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">seconds</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_hello_world</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_mail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Hello<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">World !<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">from@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">to@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">task</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">retries</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pause_seconds</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">send-email<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">seconds</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_another</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">send_mail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Another<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">World<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">from@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">to@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>En interne, un <em>lock</em> nommé <code>send-email</code> est spécifié; si plusieurs tâches sont lancées en même temps, seule une pourra s'exécuter et les autres seront relancées dans 10 secondes.</p> <p>L'implémentation du décorateur <code>pause_seconds</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="py" class="language-py z-code"><code class="language-py" data-lang="py"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> filename: utils.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">time</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">functools</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wraps</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">huey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">contrib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">djhuey</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lock_task</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">huey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">exceptions</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">RetryTask</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">TaskLockedException</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pause_seconds</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">lock_name</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">seconds</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-default-value z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">300</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">decorator</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">fun</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wraps</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fun</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wrapper</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-try z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-exception z-try z-python">try</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-exception z-try z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-python">with</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lock_task</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lock_name</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-with z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fun</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">args</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">kwargs</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">time</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sleep</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">seconds</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-catch z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-exception z-catch z-python">except</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">TaskLockedException</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-exception z-catch z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-raise z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-raise z-python">raise</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">RetryTask</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">delay</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">seconds</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wrapper</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">decorator</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00 2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/locality-of-behaviour/ <p>Lors de la réalisation des précédents « moteurs de blogs statiques », notamment via <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/">11ty</a>, je m'efforçais d'éviter l'utilisation de javascript côté client, en passant par une phase de précompilation, convertissant les éléments mathématiques en mathml via mathjax. Et, comme spécifié dans un autre post, je passais plus temps à la configuration du générateur de sites statitiques, plutôt qu'à l'écriture d'articles.</p> <p>Pour le style, j'utilisais <code>sass</code> en spécifiant une classe spécifique au <em>body</em>, <code>&lt;body class="page-article"&gt;</code>, puis créais les styles spécifiques. J'obtenais quelque chose similaire à ce qui suit:</p> <pre data-lang="scss" class="language-scss z-code"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="z-source z-scss"><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">body</span></span><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-entity z-css">.</span></span><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css">page-article</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-css">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-scss"><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">body</span></span><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-entity z-css">.</span></span><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css">page-list-articles</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-css">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-scss"><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">body</span></span><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-entity z-css">.</span></span><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-class z-css">page-</span></span>... <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-begin z-css">{</span> </span><span class="z-source z-scss"><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"> <span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">main</span> </span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-begin z-css">{</span> ... <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-end z-css">}</span> </span><span class="z-source z-scss"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-end z-css">}</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Au final, je n'avais plus envie de toucher au style, car il fallait que je me remémore à chaque fois la logique mise en place. J'ai également utilisé une approche <em>BEM</em>, mais le code HTML devenait pour moi illisible car trop chargé (car chaque élément stylisé devait avoir une classe qui lui est propre).</p> <p>De plus, en utilisant un moteur de template comme <a href="https://keats.github.io/tera/">tera</a>, j'ai remarqué que l'utilisation de l'héritage (donc via <code>{% extends "base.html" %}</code>) ne pouvait être couplé à l'utilisation des <em>includes</em> ni des <em>macros</em>, dans lesquelles je ne pouvais surcharger la balise <code>head</code>.</p> <p>Par exemple, en prenant le code suivant:</p> <pre data-lang="jinja2" class="language-jinja2 z-code"><code class="language-jinja2" data-lang="jinja2"><span class="z-source z-jinja2">&lt;!-- file macros.html --&gt; </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"><span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">macro</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2 z-macro">blog_list</span><span class="z-punctuation z-other z-jinja2">(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2">pages</span><span class="z-punctuation z-other z-jinja2">)</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> <span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">block</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2 z-block">extra_head</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> &lt;style&gt;ul { padding-left: .5rem; }&lt;/style&gt; </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> <span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">endblock</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> <span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">for</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2">page</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">in</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2">pages</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;<span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-variable"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-variable">{{</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2">page</span><span class="z-punctuation z-other z-jinja2">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-jinja2 z-attribute">title</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-variable">}}</span></span>&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"> <span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">endfor</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-jinja2"><span class="z-meta z-scope z-jinja2 z-tag"><span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">{%</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-jinja2">endmacro</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-jinja2 z-delimiter z-tag">%}</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>J'aimerais que le style de <code>ul</code> soit juste appliqué sur la balise <code>ul</code> qui suit, et pas sur toutes les <em>unordered list</em> de la page. Je pourrais rajouter un paramètre à <code>blog_list</code> spécifiant une classe et modifier le style en fonction, mais ce serait rajouter un niveau de complexité.</p> <hr /> <p>Depuis la sortie de htmx, je me suis intéressé au <a href="https://htmx.org/essays/locality-of-behaviour/">Locality of Behavious (LoB)</a>: le fait qu'un bout de code donne toutes les informations nécessaires pour savoir de qu'il fait. Pour styliser une page web, on peut attribuer des classes à une balise, puis créer un style dans un fichier différent, on doit donc ouvrir plusieurs fichiers pour savoir comment le navigateur va afficher comme rendu, ce qui est contraire à la philosophie <em>LoC</em>.</p> <p>Tailwind a une approche on peut dire de LoB: les classes <em>utility first</em> parlent d'elles-même, mais cela rajoute une lourdeur au code HTML, celui-ci étant censé être sémantique. Une solution à venir sera sans doute l'utilisation de <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@scope">@scope</a> en css:</p> <pre data-lang="html" class="language-html z-code"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-other z-html">main</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-begin z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-style z-html">style</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-begin z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css">@<span class="z-meta z-selector z-css">scope </span><span class="z-meta z-property-list z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">{</span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"><span class="z-meta z-property-list z-css"> <span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-css">:</span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css">scope { <span class="z-support z-constant z-property-value z-css">border</span>: <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-css">1<span class="z-keyword z-other z-unit z-css">px</span></span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-property-value z-css">solid</span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-color z-w3c-standard-color-name z-css">black</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-terminator z-rule z-css">;</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">}</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"> <span class="z-meta z-selector z-css"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">h1</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-property-list z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">{</span> <span class="z-meta z-property-name z-css"><span class="z-support z-type z-property-name z-css">border-bottom</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-css">:</span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"> </span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-css">2<span class="z-keyword z-other z-unit z-css">px</span></span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-property-value z-css">solid</span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-color z-w3c-standard-color-name z-css">blue</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-terminator z-rule z-css">;</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">}</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"> } </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"> </span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-end z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-style z-html">style</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">h2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span>Hello World<span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">h2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-other z-html">main</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Cela pourrait résoudre le problème rencontré avec les macros ou l'utilisation des includes, malheureusement la règle <a href="https://caniuse.com/?search=@scope">n'est pas encore disponible</a> sur la majorité des navigateurs web, notamment Mozilla Firefox.</p> <p>Une alternative pour moi a été d'utiliser <a href="https://github.com/gnat/css-scope-inline">css-scope-inline</a>, qui a une approche similaire (mais réduite) à ce que <code>@scope</code> pourra fournir, le code précédent peut être réécrit comme suit:</p> <pre data-lang="html" class="language-html z-code"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-other z-html">main</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-begin z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-style z-html">style</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-begin z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"><span class="z-meta z-selector z-css">me </span><span class="z-meta z-property-list z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">{</span> <span class="z-meta z-property-name z-css"><span class="z-support z-type z-property-name z-css">border</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-css">:</span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"> </span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-css">1<span class="z-keyword z-other z-unit z-css">px</span></span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-property-value z-css">solid</span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-color z-w3c-standard-color-name z-css">black</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-terminator z-rule z-css">;</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">}</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"> <span class="z-meta z-selector z-css">me <span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-css">h1</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-property-list z-css"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">{</span> <span class="z-meta z-property-name z-css"><span class="z-support z-type z-property-name z-css">border-bottom</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-css">:</span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"> </span><span class="z-meta z-property-value z-css"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-css">2<span class="z-keyword z-other z-unit z-css">px</span></span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-property-value z-css">solid</span> <span class="z-support z-constant z-color z-w3c-standard-color-name z-css">blue</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-terminator z-rule z-css">;</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-property-list z-css">}</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-source z-css z-embedded z-html"><span class="z-source z-css"> </span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-style z-end z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-style z-html">style</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"> <span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">h2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span>Hello World<span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">h2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-other z-html"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-other z-html">main</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>L'inconvénient est que le style de la page dépendant maintenant d'un code javascript (de 15 lignes). Cela me posait problème, car je m'intéresse à une mouvance sur la <em>sobriété du net</em>, où je lis beaucoup d'opinions de personnes souhaitant des sites web sans javascript <em>inutile</em>. J'essaie d'avoir une approche tentant de rendre ce blog léger tout en conciliant mon plaisir l'entretenir.</p> 2024-12-11T00:00:00+00:00 2024-12-11T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-latex-grille-reste-page/ <p>J'utilise pas mal le paquet <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/exam">exam</a> qui permet de laisser un espace sur tout le reste de la page via <code>\stretch{1}</code>. On peut avoir une boite de réponse avec <code>\makeemptybox{\stretch{1}}</code> ou une grille via <code>\fillwithgrid{\stretch{1}}</code>.</p> <p>J'avais besoin de ceci lors de la rédaction de copie via le programme <a href="https://www.auto-multiple-choice.net/">Auto Multiple Choice</a>. C'est un paquet latex, mais il nécessite d'avoir un type de document valnat <code>article</code>. J'avais néanmoins besoin de laisser des espaces de réponses (pour les questions ouvertes) sur plusieurs pages, donc la fin de la page en cours, d'où la nécessité d'une commande similaire à <code>\stretch{1}</code>, donnant cette hauteur.</p> <p>Après plusieurs recherches, je suis parvenu à une solution satisfaisante en utilisant <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/tcolorbox">tcolorbox</a> et <a href="https://tikz.dev/">tikz</a>. Je définis les commandes suivantes:</p> <pre data-lang="latex" class="language-latex z-code"><code class="language-latex" data-lang="latex"><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-preamble z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>usepackage</span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">tcolorbox</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-preamble z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>usepackage</span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">tikz</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newtcolorbox</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>emptybox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span>[1][]<span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>colback=white, colframe=white, height fill, boxsep=0pt, space to=<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>restheight</span>,#1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newtcolorbox</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>squarebox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span>[1][]<span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>colback=white, height fill, space to=<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>restheight</span>,#1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>geometry</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>left=2cm,right=1.5cm<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\drawgrid</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>emptybox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>tikzpicture<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span>[scale=1] </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>scope<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>draw</span>[step=0.5cm, very thin, gray!60!white] (<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>textwidth</span>, <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>restheight</span>) grid (0, 0); </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% \draw[line width=0.01mm](0,0) rectangle (1,1); </span></span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>scope<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>tikzpicture<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>emptybox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\drawsquare</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>emptybox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>tikzpicture<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span>[scale=1] </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>scope<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>draw</span>[line width=0.01mm](0,0) rectangle (<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>textwidth</span>,<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>restheight</span>); </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>scope<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>tikzpicture<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>emptybox<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Ensuite, dans le document, il me suffit d'écrire <code>\drawgrid</code> ou <code>\drawsquare</code> pour avoir ce que je désirais.</p> 2024-08-22T00:00:00+00:00 2024-08-22T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/pandas-gerer-listes-et-objets-comme-valeur/ <p>La librairie <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/">pandas</a> est faite pour traiter des fichiers plats. Parfois, on récupère des données au format <code>json</code>, dont des éléments sont des listes d'objets. Voici un exemple généré via <a href="https://json-generator.com/">json-generator.com</a>:</p> <pre data-lang="json" class="language-json z-code"><code class="language-json" data-lang="json"><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Carole Elliott<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Bonner King<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Cora Cabrera<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Sophie Valdez<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Ladonna Leblanc<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Jaclyn Dillard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Dickson Burks<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Mendez Stanton<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Lula Downs<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Marian Scott<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Pitts Rosa<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Harriet Blanchard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Prince Bowen<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Deloris Rojas<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>May Good<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Saundra Preston<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Love Lang<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Lana Dickson<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Erica Figueroa<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Monroe Gentry<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Stuart Mcdonald<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Bass Kline<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Sylvia Sampson<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Hays Conway<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Andrea Whitley<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Gibson Pena<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Avila Henry<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-json">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>Rivers Griffin<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Le fichier est disponible via: <a href="https://sekun.eu/articles/pandas-gerer-listes-et-objets-comme-valeur/./data.json">data.json</a>.</p> <p>En important ce fichier via pandas, on obtient:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pandas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_json</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">data.json<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Bonner King<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">...<span class="z-invalid z-illegal z-unclosed-string z-python"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Jaclyn Dillard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span></span>.. </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Lula</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Downs</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Marian Scott<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">...</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Prince</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bowen</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Deloris Rojas<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">...</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Love</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Lang</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Lana Dickson<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">...</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Stuart</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Mcdonald</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Bass Kline<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">n...<span class="z-invalid z-illegal z-unclosed-string z-python"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">6</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Andrea</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Whitley</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Gibson Pena<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">...<span class="z-invalid z-illegal z-unclosed-string z-python"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code></pre> <p>Chaque élément de la variable <em>friends</em> est une liste. Il est possible d'aplatir le <em>DataFrame</em> via sa méthode <code>explode</code>. Chaque ligne sera dupliquée selon le nombre d'élément de cette variable.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">explode</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Bonner King<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Cora Cabrera<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Sophie Valdez<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Jaclyn Dillard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Dickson Burks<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>La variable <em>friends</em> n'est pas encore utilisable en l'état. On peut transformer chaque <em>clé</em> de l'objet constituant sa valeur en colonne. On utilise la fonction <code>json_normalize</code> de <em>pandas</em>, qui renverra un DataFrame, on appelle ensuite la méthode <code>add_prefix</code> afin de préfixer le nom des colonnes, on en aura donc deux: <code>friend_id</code> et <code>friends_name</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">json_normalize</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_prefix</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_id</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_name</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cora</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cabrera</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Sophie</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Valdez</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Jaclyn</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Dillard</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Dickson</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Burks</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Comme <code>json_normalize</code> est une fonction de <em>pandas</em>, et non une méthode de <em>DataFrame</em>, il faut manuellement venir incorporer le résultat à la variable <code>data</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">join</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_id</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_name</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Bonner King<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Cora Cabrera<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Sophie Valdez<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Jaclyn Dillard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cora</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cabrera</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">id<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Dickson Burks<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cora</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cabrera</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On peut finalement supprimer la variable <code>friends</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">drop</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_id</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends_name</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Carole</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Elliott</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Bonner</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">King</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cora</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cabrera</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Ladonna</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Leblanc</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cora</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Cabrera</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On obtient un fichier plat.</p> <p>Au final, il est possible de faire tout ça en une seule suite de commande, comme suit:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Charge le fichier json </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_json</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">data.json<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Crée autant de ligne que d&#39;élément dans la liste d&#39;un </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> élément de `friends` </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">explode</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> On utilise pip pour récupérer le dataframe via la variable </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> `l` à cet étape </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pipe</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-inline z-python">lambda</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-parameters z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">l</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">join</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Convertir l&#39;objet en dataframe </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">json_normalize</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Ajoute un prefix aux colonnes du dataframe </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_prefix</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Supprime la variables friends plus nécessaire </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">drop</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Sans les commentaires:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_json</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">data.json<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">explode</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pipe</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-inline z-python">lambda</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-parameters z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">l</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-inline z-body z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">join</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">json_normalize</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">friends</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_prefix</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">drop</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">friends<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2024-08-12T00:00:00+00:00 2024-08-12T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/python-pipx-et-inline-metadata/ <p>La gestion des dépendances en python ou le <em>packaging</em> n'est pas ce qui fait sa force, contrairement au langage Go qui permet de générer des binaires statiques. Un méthode classique est de simplement distribuer un script avec les dépendances associées, dans un fichier <code>requirements.txt</code> par exemple. Il y a de nombreux système de packaging non officiels pour python:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/jazzband/pip-tools">pip-tools</a> qui fonctionne toujours très bien et génère un fichier <code>requirements.txt</code> à partir d'un fichier <code>requirements.in</code>,</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/pypa/pipenv">pipenv</a>: un gestionnaire de paquets utilisant des fichiers de configuration qui lui sont propres: <code>Pipfile</code> et <code>Pipfile.lock</code>.</li> <li><a href="https://python-poetry.org/">poetry</a>: le gestionnaire de paquets basé sur un fichier <code>pyproject.toml</code>.</li> <li><a href="https://pdm-project.org/en/latest/">pdm</a>: un nouveau gestionnaire de paquets, que j'utilise désormais, qui se base sur les derniers standards de la PEP.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Mais si l'on veut simplement partager un script</strong>, et non un paquet, il est possible d'y inscrire ses dépendances via les <a href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/inline-script-metadata/"><em>inline script metadata</em></a>, puis d'exécuter le script via <a href="https://github.com/pypa/pipx?tab=readme-ov-file">pipx</a>.</p> <p>Il suffit d'écrire les dépendances dans un commentaire structuré, comme suit:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> /// script </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> requires-python = &quot;&gt;=3.11&quot; </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> dependencies = [ </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> &quot;pyqrcode&quot;, </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> ] </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> /// </span></span></code></pre> <p>La première et la dernière ligne sont indispensables. Un tel script pourra être exécuté via la commande <code>pipx run path/to/script.py</code>. La commande <code>pipx</code> va créer un environnement virtuel pour ce script, y installera les dépendances, puis l'exécutera. <code>Pipx</code> peut même récupérer un script si on lui fournit une url (ce peut être un fichier brut sur github/gitlab/gitea/forgejo).</p> 2024-08-03T00:00:00+00:00 2024-08-03T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/zola-urls-raccourcies/ <h2 id="contexte">Contexte</h2> <p>J'ai longtemps utilisé <a href="https://yourls.org/">yourls</a> pour créer des urls raccourcies, il fonctionnait bien, mais c'est encore un service en plus à maintenir et je ne m'intéressais pas à ses fonctionnalités supplémentaires, comme des statistiques sur le nombre de clics.</p> <p>Ensuite, j'ai simplement créé un dossier avec des redirections via un fichier <code>.htaccess</code> et les <code>RewriteRule</code> d'Apache. Aucune maintenance, mais je devais me connecter à mon hébergement pour récupérer une url, et il n'y avait pas moyen de créer une page de partage en ligne. Une option aurait été d'utiliser <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/">11ty</a>, j'aurais pu rallier les deux mondes: faire apparaître sur mon blog un liste d'url raccourcies et en même temps générer un fichier <code>.htaccess</code>. Sauf que, comme précisé dans l'article <a href="https://sekun.eu/articles/choix-d-un-generateur-de-sites-statiques/">précédent</a>, Zola (ssg avec lequel ce blog est généré) ne permet que de générer du contenu html.</p> <h2 id="mise-en-oeuvre">Mise en œuvre</h2> <p>J'ai créé un dossier nommé <code>l</code>, dont l'arborescence est la suivante:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">l/ </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── _index.md </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── croc.md </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── emacs.md </span><span class="z-text z-plain">└── tmux.mdygg.md </span></code></pre> <p>Dans le fichier <code>_index.md</code>, je précise classiquement le fichier de template (via <code>template</code>) qui me permettra de lister tous les liens, et le fichier de template pour toutes les pages (via <code>page_template</code>), qui fera la redirection. Les métadonnées du fichier <code>_index.md</code> sont les suivantes:</p> <pre data-lang="toml" class="language-toml z-code"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml"><span class="z-source z-toml"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-key z-toml"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-toml">title</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-key-value z-toml">=</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-basic z-toml"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-toml">&quot;</span>Raccourcis<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-toml">&quot;</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-toml"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-key z-toml"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-toml">template</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-key-value z-toml">=</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-basic z-toml"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-toml">&quot;</span>l.html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-toml">&quot;</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-toml"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-key z-toml"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-toml">page_template</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-key-value z-toml">=</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-basic z-toml"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-toml">&quot;</span>redirect.html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-toml">&quot;</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Chaque <code>page</code> contiendra un lien et une description, par exemple pour <em>emacs</em>, le fichier <code>emacs.md</code> est le contient:</p> <pre data-lang="md" class="language-md z-code"><code class="language-md" data-lang="md"><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">+++ </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">[extra] </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">url = &quot;<span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">https://git.sekun.eu</span><span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">/sekun/utils/raw/branch/main/config/emacs/minimal</span><span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">_</span><span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">config</span><span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">.</span><span class="z-markup z-underline z-link z-markdown-gfm">el&quot;</span> </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">+++ </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown"> </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">Une configuration minimale d&#39;emacs que j&#39;installe sur la plupart des serveurs. </span></span></code></pre> <p>Dans le fichier de template me servant à lister les liens, j'accède à la description d'une page via <code>page.content | markdown(inline=true) | safe</code>: le <code>inline=true</code> est important car sinon le contenu est placé dans un paragraphe en <em>html</em>.</p> <p>Le fichier de redirection est une copie de celui utilisé par Zola:</p> <pre data-lang="html" class="language-html z-code"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="z-text z-html z-basic">{% set url = page.extra.url %} </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic">&lt;!doctype html&gt; </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-any z-html">meta</span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">charset</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>utf-8<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-any z-html">link</span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">rel</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>canonical<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">href</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>{{ url|safe }}<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-any z-html">meta</span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">http-equiv</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>refresh<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">content</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>0; url={{ url|safe }}<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-any z-html">title</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span>Redirect<span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-any z-html">title</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-html z-basic"><span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">p</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span><span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-a z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-a z-html">a</span> <span class="z-meta z-attribute-with-value z-html"><span class="z-entity z-other z-attribute-name z-html">href</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-key-value z-html">=</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-html">&quot;</span>{{ url|safe }}<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-html">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span>Click here<span class="z-meta z-tag z-inline z-a z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-inline z-a z-html">a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> to be redirected.<span class="z-meta z-tag z-block z-any z-html"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-begin z-html">&lt;/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag z-block z-any z-html">p</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-tag z-end z-html">&gt;</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Utiliser l'élément <em>meta</em> <code>http-equiv="refresh"</code> est bien <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-html-markup-20120329/meta.http-equiv.refresh.html">défini en html</a>. L'inconvénient de cette approche est qu'il faut interpréter le document html pour faire la redirection, chose que ne fait pas <code>curl</code> par exemple.</p> 2024-08-02T00:00:00+00:00 2024-08-02T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/choix-d-un-generateur-de-sites-statiques/ <style> me {counter-reset: h2} me h2 {counter-reset: h3} me h3 {counter-reset: h4} me h4 {counter-reset: h5} me h5 {counter-reset: h6} me h2:before {counter-increment: h2; content: counter(h2) ". "} me h3:before {counter-increment: h3; content: counter(h2) "." counter(h3) ". "} me h4:before {counter-increment: h4; content: counter(h2) "." counter(h3) "." counter(h4) ". "} me h5:before {counter-increment: h5; content: counter(h2) "." counter(h3) "." counter(h4) "." counter(h5) ". "} me h6:before {counter-increment: h6; content: counter(h2) "." counter(h3) "." counter(h4) "." counter(h5) "." counter(h6) ". "} me h2.nocount:before, h3.nocount:before, h4.nocount:before, h5.nocount:before, h6.nocount:before { content: ""; counter-increment: none } </style> <h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> <p>J'ai l'impression que l'envie de tenir un site personnel, sous la forme d'un blog ou d'un wiki, revient souvent, mais une fois l'outil mis en place, je passe plus de temps à le configurer qu'à réellement créer du contenu. En février 2018 (il y a 6 ans...) j'avais commencé à rédiger un article sur le choix d'un générateur de site statique (SSG). Je vais reprendre une partie dans une section historique, puis donner l'évolution aujourd'hui dans mes choix.</p> <h2 id="historique">Historique</h2> <div> <style> me { padding-left: .5rem; border-left: 2px solid var(--pico-color-grey-300); } </style> <p><em>Le 19 février 2018</em></p> <p>J'ai décidé de créer un blog. Celui-ci a d'abord pour objectif de faire office de bloc-note : mettre en forme toute sorte de recherches, sur l'informatique et les mathématiques majoritairement. Savoir que l'on peut être relu force à peaufiner le contenu et sa mise en forme.</p> <p>Les sites statiques sont assez <em>en vogue</em> comme le signale cet article de <a href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2016/08/using-a-static-site-generator-at-scale-lessons-learned/">Smashing Magazine</a> d'août 2016, ou ce post plus récent (février 2018) de <a href="https://blog.dareboost.com/fr/2018/02/site-statique-performance-web/">dareboost</a>. L'argument en faveur des sites statiques qui a fait pencher la balance est la sérénité du déploiement : on peut héberger ce genre de site sur <a href="http://github.com/">github</a> ou <a href="http://gitlab.com/">gitlab</a>, et l'oublier (pas de stress quant à la sécurité, pas de risque de tentative d'intrusion). Celui-ci est hébergé sur l'instance gitlab <a href="http://framagit.org/">framagit</a> de framasoft (les <em>Gitlab Pages</em> <a href="https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2016/12/24/were-bringing-gitlab-pages-to-community-edition/">ont été portées</a> vers l'édition communautaire de gitlab fin 2016).</p> <p>Dans ce post, je décris ma démarche sur la recherche d'un outil générant des sites statiques, suivi d'une description de la solution choisie.</p> <h3 id="recherche-d-outils">Recherche d'outils</h3> <h4 id="pelican">Pelican</h4> <p>Un premier frein a été le choix de logiciel permettant de générer des sites statiques. Cherchant un générateur en python, le premier apparaissant sur <a href="http://staticgen.com/">staticgen</a> est <a href="https://github.com/getpelican/pelican">pelican</a>. J'ai eu pas mal de difficultés à comprendre comment fonctionnait Pélican. Même après avoir vu que auteur avait réalisé diagramme <em>Use Case</em> et un diagramme de classe, disponible via la page <a href="http://docs.getpelican.com/en/stable/report.html">report</a> de la documentation. Pelican est très simple à mettre en place, et founit de base un système de tags et de catégories, une création de flux rss. Un site recense <a href="http://www.pelicanthemes.com/">divers thèmes</a> créés par la communauté. La création de thème est d'ailleurs accessible : on peut utiliser les templates <a href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/">jinja</a> du <a href="https://github.com/getpelican/pelican/tree/master/pelican/themes/simple/templates">thème simple</a>, n'offrant qu'une structure html rendant le blog fonctionnel. La customisation se fait via l'utilisation de plugins : ceux-ci fonctionnent à l'aide de signaux placés tout au long du processus de génération du contenu, la <a href="http://docs.getpelican.com/en/stable/plugins.html#list-of-signals">liste des signaux</a> est également présente sur le site, avec une brève description. J'ai trouvé le détail des signaux insuffisant, ne dispensant pas la lecture du code (ni de s'inspirer de l'implémentation de la large collection de <a href="https://github.com/getpelican/pelican-plugins">plugins existants</a>).</p> <p>Comme l'a décrit l'auteur, pelican est à l'origine un outil personnel, qui hérité de l'ajout de nombreuses fonctionnalités, mais qui n'a pas été pensé, à la base, pour être un outil de blog aussi généraliste (l'analyse réalisée via le diagramme UML en témoigne).</p> <h4 id="cactus">Cactus</h4> <p>Trois autres outils m'ont fait du pieds. Le premier est <a href="https://github.com/eudicots/Cactus"><strong>Cactus</strong></a>, basé sur <a href="http://djangoproject.com/">Django</a>. Utilisé un outil se basant sur une technologie existante et approuvée est un plus lorsqu'on la connaît déjà. Un avantage que j'ai trouvé, est la présence de plugins <a href="https://github.com/eudicots/Cactus/blob/master/cactus/skeleton/plugins/blog.disabled.py">déjà implémentés</a> lors de la création d'un nouveau projet (il suffit de renommer le plugin en supprimant <code>disabled</code> de son nom). On peut donc s'inspirer de ce qui est existe déjà pour élargir les fonctionnalités de l'outil. En revanche, un frein est le manque d'activité du projet, et l'obsolescence de la version de django utilisée (<code>Django&gt;=1.6,&lt;1.7</code> dans le fichier <a href="https://github.com/eudicots/Cactus/blob/a6bc78d52bf69a11c09c2d6fffe9f03f9a67b645/requirements.txt"><code>requirements.txt</code></a>). Bien qu'il ne s'agisse en rien d'une faille de sécurité (même si la version de Django utilisée n'est plus mise à jour, la modification du site n'a lieu qu'en local), on doit renoncer aux nouvelles fonctionnalités existantes (nouveaux filtres par exemples), ainsi qu'aux extensions.</p> <p>Si on apprécie Django, on peut aussi se tourner vers <a href="https://github.com/datadesk/django-bakery">django-bakery</a> ou <a href="https://github.com/moorinteractive/wagtail-bakery">wagtail-bakery</a> : on héberge notre cms django, en le rendant accessible uniquement aux personnes responsables de l'édition de contenu (dans un intranet propre à une école ou une pme par exemple), on génère ensuite une version statique du site, qui elle sera hébergée et accessible sur le web.</p> <h4 id="nikola-et-lektor">Nikola et Lektor</h4> <p>J'ai également jeté un coup d'oeil à <a href="https://github.com/getnikola/nikola"><strong>Nikola</strong></a>. La <a href="https://getnikola.com/handbook.html#components">liste des fonctionnalités</a> est impressionnante et en fait un outil très complet. Il a été conçu pour être extensible, l'ensemble de ses fonctionnalités sont basés sur des plugins, et une <a href="https://getnikola.com/extending.html">page</a> décrit comment en créer de nouveaux. Le programme semble assez bien actif, je ne savais pas que le <a href="https://wxpython.org/">wxPython</a> était rendu par Nikola, comme pas mal d'<a href="https://users.getnikola.com/">autres sites</a>. Il semble être un outil intéressant, comme doit l'être également <a href="https://www.getlektor.com/"><strong>lektor</strong></a>, trouvé après une recherche. Il se veut être un framework entièrement pensé pour générer des sites statiques. Les <em>modèles</em> sont présents sous la forme de fichiers <code>.ini</code>, comme on peut le voir sur <a href="https://www.getlektor.com/docs/guides/blog/">la page</a> présentant le modèle servant à créer un blog. Contrairement aux autres outils présentés, ce dernier a l'avantage de permettre un mode d'édition via une page admin. Il est également extensible, mais j'avoue avoir été rebuté par le le code source du plugin <a href="https://github.com/lektor/lektor-tags/blob/master/lektor_tags/__init__.py">lektor_tags</a> ; il s'agit vraiment d'une framework à part entière, le temps d'apprentissage est donc plus long, mais peut sûrement permettre d'être plus productif par la suite.</p> <h4 id="outils-dans-d-autres-langages">Outils dans d'autres langages</h4> <p>Je me suis bien sûr intéressé à <a href="https://jekyllrb.com/">jekyll</a>. La critique qui revenait le plus lors de recherches est le temps de génération des pages, ce qui ne me dérange pas étant donné la taille du blog. J'avais regardé à l'époque la <a href="https://youtu.be/9c9v-ZU5i4I">vidéo sur jekyll</a> de <a href="https://youtu.be/9c9v-ZU5i4I">grafikart</a>. Le problème est ma méconnaissance du langage Ruby, qui, malgré la présence innombrables de plugins créés par la communauté, m'effraie sur le long terme si le besoin d'une fonctionnalité spécifique se faisait ressentir.</p> <p>Le problème avec <a href="http://gohugo.io/"><strong>Hugo</strong></a> reste le même, l'inconnu du langage et le manque de temps destiné à m'y consacrer. Deux autres ont retenu mon attention, il s'agit de <a href="https://hexo.io/"><strong>hexo</strong></a> et <a href="https://hexo.io/"><strong>nuxt</strong></a>. J'ai bien aimé Nuxt, il facilite en fait la gestion des routes avec <a href="http://vuejs.org/">vue</a> : celles-ci sont définies selon les fichiers créés. Je ne sais pas s'il possible ensuite de générer statiquement le site, pour ne pas, si l'on souhaite coder en markdown, générer le rendu côté client. Hexo dispose d'un nombre impressionnant de plugins, mais à ce stage de la recherche, j'avais décidé d'utiliser un outil peut-être beaucoup moins avancé, demandant plus de code, mais moins haut niveau, pouvant être pris en main directement.</p> <h4 id="le-choix-retenu">Le choix retenu</h4> <p>C'est ce <a href="http://www.jamesharding.ca/posts/simple-static-markdown-blog-in-flask/">post</a> de <em>James Hardin</em> qui m'a enfin sorti de l'impasse : il présente comment créer un site ou un blog statique, avec <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a>, grâces aux extensions (brièvement décrites) suivantes :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/Frozen-Flask/Frozen-Flask"><strong>Frozen Flask</strong></a> : L'extension la plus utile, elle génère des pages html, en parcourant les <code>routes</code> définies avec Flask, et également les appels à la fonction <code>url_for</code>.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/Flask-FlatPages/Flask-FlatPages"><strong>Flat Page</strong></a> : Extension lisant tous les fichiers d'une certaine extension dans un dossier donné, et y applique la méthode <code>render</code> (customisable). Sur ces fichiers, elle lit les méta-données : ceux-ci sont sous format yaml, en début des fichiers plats.</li> </ul> <p>L'avantage de cette option est d'avoir un outil adapté (uniquement?) à ses besoins. Il faut néamoins se construire son propre environnement de travail, chaque fonctionnalité devant être implémentée par ses propres soins.</p> </div> <h2 id="choix-retenus-en-2024">Choix retenus (en 2024)</h2> <p>La suite du précédant détaillait le développement du générateur de site, comprenant les gestions des tags, catégories, des brouillons, de la gestion du latex dans les articles, et d'autres. Au final, je n'ai publié que très peu d'articles, étant donné qu'à chaque fois je souhaitais rajouter de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Avec le recul, j'ai pu mieux percevoir quels étaient mes besoins, que voici:</p> <ul> <li>Utiliser markdown ou org pour gérer le contenu.</li> <li>Pouvoir créer un thème en utilisant un moteur de template ressemblant à <a href="https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/">jinja2</a>.</li> <li>Ne pas avoir de trop de fichiers de templates à créer pour pouvoir commencer à styliser mon blog.</li> <li>Avoir une gestion des taxonomies me permettant de définir des tags, catégories, ou autres, sans ajout d'extension ou autre.</li> </ul> <p>J'avais utilisé <a href="https://hexo.io/">hexo</a>, son moteur de blog est <a href="https://mozilla.github.io/nunjucks/">nunjucks</a>, bien inspiré de jinja2, mais la gestion des taxonomies est fastidieuse. <a href="https://gohugo.io/">Hugo</a> est le générateur de statique proposant de base bon nombre de fonctionnalités, mais c'est plutôt le moteur de template qui m'a rebuté. J'ai retenu deux choix, que j'utilise dans diverses situation: <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/">11ty</a> et <a href="https://www.getzola.org/">Zola</a>.</p> <h3 id="zola">Zola</h3> <p>Ce générateur de site statique répond à tous mes besoins spécifiés ci-haut. Ce que je trouve intéressant dans ce programme:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Il est fourni comme un <strong>seul exécutable</strong>, sans aucun système de plugin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.getzola.org/documentation/getting-started/directory-structure/">L'arborescence du dossier</a> est <strong>sobre et claire</strong>.</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">. </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── config.toml </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── content </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── sass </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── static </span><span class="z-text z-plain">├── templates </span><span class="z-text z-plain">└── themes </span></code></pre> <p>Les fichiers (en <em>markdown</em> principalement) seront dans le dossier <code>content</code>. Tout les fichiers stockés dans le dossier <code>static</code> seront copiés dans le <code>public</code> tels quels.</p> <p>On a un dossier <code>template</code> qui permet de surcharger un thème choisi. En zola, un thème est juste un projet <code>zola</code>, cela signifie qu'il a la même structure que ce qui est présenté ci-haut, avec les templates dans le dossier du même nom. Si on veut créer un thème personnalisé pour son site, on peut donc placer les fichiers <code>html</code> dans le dossier <code>template</code> simplement, et n'utiliser aucun thème.</p> <p>Zola précompile tous les fichiers <code>sass/scss</code> qu'il trouve dans le dossier <code>sass</code>, et les places à la racine de <code>public.</code></p> <p>Enfin un fichier <code>config.toml</code>, <a href="https://www.getzola.org/documentation/getting-started/configuration/">assez simple</a> également.</p> </li> <li> <p>Il gère de base des <strong>taxonomies personnalisées</strong>. Il ne vient donc pas avec des <em>tags</em> ou des <em>categories</em>, mais si on veut un système de <em>tags</em>, on a juste à rajouter <code>taxonomies = [ { name = "tags" } ]</code> dans le fichier <code>config.toml</code>. Par contre, Zola suppose qu'une taxonomie peut toujours contenir un ou plusieurs élément. Donc si on veut créer, comme dans Pelican, un système de <em>catégorie</em> ou chaque article n'appartient qu'à une catégorie, c'est possible. On définit: <code>taxonomies = [ { name = "category" } ]</code>, puis dans les métadonnées on ne définit qu'une catégorie, donc une liste avec un seul élément:</p> <pre data-lang="md" class="language-md z-code"><code class="language-md" data-lang="md"><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">+++ </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">[taxonomies] </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">category = [&quot;lecture&quot;] </span></span><span class="z-text z-html z-markdown"><span class="z-meta z-paragraph z-markdown">+++ </span></span></code></pre> <p>Dans les fichiers <em>html</em> de template, on ne récupérera que le premier élément d'une categorie: <code>page.taxonomies.category.0</code>. Dans ce cas, le générateur n'affichera aucun avertissement si plusieurs catégories sont précisées, mais seule la première sera prise en considération.</p> </li> <li> <p>Au niveau rendu, chaque sous-dossier de <code>content/</code> sera une section, définie par le fichier <code>_index.md</code> dont le template est <code>section.html</code> par défaut. Une variable <code>section.pages</code> permet de récupérer toutes fichiers <em>markdown</em> de ce sous-dossier. Pour ces fichiers <em>markdown</em>, le template par défaut est <code>page.html</code>, et la page d'accueil est définie par <code>index.html</code>. En gros, trois templates suffisent pour créer notre site. On peut évidemment changer le fichier de template dans les metadonnées des fichiers <em>markdown</em>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Zola utilise le moteur de rendu <a href="https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/">tera</a>, dont la syntaxe est inspirée de jinja2. Zola est livré avec des <a href="https://www.getzola.org/documentation/templates/overview/#built-in-functions">fonctions prédéfinies</a>, peu nombreuses mais réfléchies.</p> </li> <li> <p>Il gère, en plus des pages <em>html</em>: des flux rss, un fichier <code>sitemap.xml</code> et un fichier <code>robots.txt</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Comme les autres SSG, il dispose de la possibilité de définir des <a href="https://www.getzola.org/documentation/content/shortcodes/">shortcodes</a>, en <em>html</em> comme en <em>markdown</em>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Un plus non négligeable et assez inattendu: Zola permet de récupérer des données depuis un fichier plat en <code>toml</code>, <code>json</code>, <code>csv</code>, <code>bibtex</code>, <code>yaml</code>, ou <code>xml</code>, mais également un requête <code>GET</code> ou <code>POST</code>. Ce qui permet donc de généré un site web avec Zola combiné à un <em>headless cms</em>.</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>En conclusion</strong>, je dirais que Zola:</p> <p>✓ Est simple à installer et à mettre en place,<br /> ✓ dispose de tout ce dont j'ai besoin, sans extensions,<br /> ✕ n'est pas customisable,<br /> ✕ ne permet la génération de documents <em>html</em> uniquement.</p> <p>Ces deux derniers points ne sont pas forcément des inconvénients. La customisation est chronophage et la dernière est un choix, voir <a href="https://github.com/getzola/zola/issues/905">cette discussion</a>. Ça ne me déplaît pas d'utiliser un programme dont le but est clair, parfois l'auteur doit savoir dire non.</p> <p>Donc, comme précisé dans les commentaires, avec Zola, il n'est pas possible de générer un site compatible avec le protocol gemini. Ou bien de générer des fichiers <code>.htaccess</code> qui permettraient de créer des urls raccourcies via le un <code>RewriteRule</code> d'Apache. On pourrait également vouloir exporter son contenu au format <code>.json</code>. Tout ceci, Zola ne le fait pas. Il s'agit de cas spécifiques et non indispensables à création d'un site web. Pour ce faire, on peut utiliser <em>eleventy</em>.</p> <h3 id="11ty">11ty</h3> <p>Eleventy, noté <em>11ty</em>, est un SSG pensé plutôt comme <em>outil</em> donnant les bases pour créer son propre site statique, sans obliger à adopter une structure particulière dans nos contenus. Il gère donc plein de formats de fichiers de contenus, et également de templates. D'ailleurs, tout est customisable: on peut facilement rajouter un format. Le point d'entrée de 11ty est le fichier <code>.eleventy.js</code>.</p> <p>Il n'y a pas de <em>gestion automatique des taxonomies</em>, comme je le souhaites. Mais 11ty permet de créer facilement des <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/docs/collections/">collections</a>. Le seul mot-clé <em>harcodé</em> est <code>slug</code>, on peut récupérer des articles ayant un certain <code>slug</code> assez facilement. Mais on peut créer une collections d'articles ayant, par exemple, une certaines catégorie. Il suffit d'utiliser la <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/docs/collections/#advanced-custom-filtering-and-sorting">Collection API</a>; ceci demande du code, mais permet d'avoir un site complètement adapté à ses besoins.</p> <p>L'inconvénient, selon moi, est d'utiliser 11ty pour un site web dont les besoins sont satisfaits par ce que propose Zola. Si l'on souhaite une gestion des taxonomies, on doit l'implémenter. On le fait sans doute de manière moins générique que Zola, mais du code doit être créé.</p> <p>Une autre version de ce blog était généré avec 11ty. Même si j'ai aimé ce sentiment de pouvoir satisfaire l'ensemble de mes besoins, je passais plus de temps à le configurer qu'à rédiger du contenu.</p> <p>Malgré tout, un site en zola peut être, sans trop de peine, converti en un site généré via 11ty. Ce dernier gère nativement le moteur de template nunjunks, et peut s'adapter à l'arborescence imposée par zola.</p> <p><strong>En conclusion</strong>, je dirai que 11ty:</p> <p>✓ Fournit un outil puissant pour créer un site hautement customisable,<br /> ✕ Nécessite un plus grand investissement au départ pour gérer la base, comme un sitemap, un flux rss, une taxonomie basique.</p> 2024-07-31T00:00:00+00:00 2024-07-31T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/synchroniser-ses-emails-outlook-avec-mbsync-et-loauth2/ <h2 id="contexte">Contexte</h2> <p>Suite à un changement au sein de mon institution d'un Zimbra auto-hébergé vers la plateforme office365, récupérer des emails via mbsync ne fonctionnait plus: une authentification oauth2 est obligatoire. J'ai testé de suivre <a href="https://simondobson.org/2024/02/03/getting-email/">cet article de blog</a>, la récupération des emails fonctionnaient bien, mais moins l'envoi. Alors je me suis tourné vers un proxy hébergé en local, écrit en python, le tout tenant dans un seul fichier: <a href="https://github.com/simonrob/email-oauth2-proxy">emailproxy</a>.</p> <h2 id="configuration-de-emailproxy">Configuration de <code>emailproxy</code></h2> <p>Je suis passé par <code>pip</code> pour l'installer:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">DIR</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>~/prog/emailproxy<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mkdir</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">DIR</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">pushd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">DIR</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> création de l&#39;environnement virtuel</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">python3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>m</span> venv .venv</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-source z-shell">source</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> .venv/bin/activate</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">python3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>m</span> pip install emailproxy<span class="z-keyword z-control z-regexp z-set z-begin z-shell">[</span>gui<span class="z-keyword z-control z-regexp z-set z-end z-shell">]</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>J'ai adapté le fichier de configuration, et utilisé comme <code>client_id</code> et <code>client_secret</code> ceux de mozilla (voir <a href="https://github.com/simonrob/email-oauth2-proxy/issues/267">issues/297</a></p> <pre data-lang="ini" class="language-ini z-code"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">client_id</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> 9e5f94bc<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>e8a4<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>4e73<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>b8be<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>63364c29d753 </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">client_secret</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Il semble qu'ils proviennent de Thunderbird, bien que le <code>secret</code> ne soit pas dans le <a href="https://hg.mozilla.org/comm-central/file/tip/mailnews/base/src/OAuth2Providers.sys.mjs#l142">code source</a>.</p> <p>J'obtiens ceci au final:</p> <pre data-lang="ini" class="language-ini z-code"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[Email OAuth 2.0 Proxy configuration file] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[Server setup] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[IMAP-1501] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">server_address</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> outlook<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>office365<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>com </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">server_port</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-genconfig">993</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">local_address</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-ip z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">127.0.0.1</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[SMTP-1502] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">server_address</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> smtp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>outlook<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>com </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">server_port</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-genconfig">587</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">server_starttls</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">True</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">local_address</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-ip z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">127.0.0.1</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[Account setup] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[my_office365_email_address] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">permission_url</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/authorize</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">token_url</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/token</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">oauth2_scope</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">https://outlook.office365.com/IMAP.AccessAsUser.All</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">https://outlook.office365.com/POP.AccessAsUser.All</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">https://outlook.office365.com/SMTP.Send</span></span> offline_access </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">redirect_uri</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">http://localhost</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">client_id</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> 08162f7c<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>0fd2<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-genconfig">4200</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>a84a<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>f25a4db0b584 </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">client_secret</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> TxRBilcHdC6WGBee]fs<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">?</span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">QR</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span>SJ8nI[g82 </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[emailproxy] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">delete_account_token_on_password_error</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">True</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">encrypt_client_secret_on_first_use</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">False</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">allow_catch_all_accounts</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">False</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Le serveur proxy écoutera sur les ports 1501 (pour imap) et 1502 (pour smtp).</p> <p>Je n'ai pas réussi à faire fonctionner l'UI sur i3 (enfin l'icône apparaissait bien dans le tray, mais aucune interaction possible avec). Je lance le proxy via la commande suivante: <code>emailproxy --local-server-auth</code>.</p> <p>Puis je me connecte manuellement via <code>telnet</code>, sur une autre console:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">telnet</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> 127.0.0.1 1501</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">a1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> login my_office365_email_address my_password</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Sur la console de <code>emailproxy</code>, une url apparaît. Je la copie-colle dans le navigateur, me connecte à mon compte office365. Je suis ensuite redirigé vers localhost, je colle l'url dans la console de <code>emailproxy</code>. <code>emailproxy</code> modifie alors le fichier de configuration, et <code>telnet</code> m'indique que la connexion s'est bien passée.</p> <h2 id="configuration-de-mbsync">Configuration de <code>mbsync</code></h2> <p>J'installe le paquet <code>isync</code>, et configure le client <code>mbsync</code> via le fichier <code>~/.mbsynrc</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="conf" class="language-conf z-code"><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">IMAPAccount</span> </span>myaccount </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Host</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-url z-genconfig"><span class="z-constant z-other z-genconfig">localhost</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">User</span> </span>my_office365_email_address </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Port</span> </span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-genconfig">1501</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SSLType</span> </span><span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">None</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">IMAPStore</span> </span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>remote </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Account</span> </span>myaccount </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">MaildirStore</span> </span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>local </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Path</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">~</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>Mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Inbox</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">~</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>Mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">INBOX</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SubFolders</span> </span>Verbatim </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Channel</span> </span>myaccount </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Far</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span></span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>remote<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Near</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span></span>myaccount<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>local<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Patterns</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">*</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Create</span> </span>Both </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Expunge</span> </span>Both </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SyncState</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">*</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Les mails seront stockés dans <code>~/Mail/myaccount/</code> et <code>~/Mail/myaccount/INBOX</code>. Les deux dossiers sont à créer pour éviter un <em>segmentation fault</em>.</p> 2024-07-22T00:00:00+00:00 2024-07-23T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/lectures/dans-loreille-du-cyclone/ <p>Je me souviens avoir reçu un appel d'un ami, qui m'a glissé une remarque sur une blague osée sur netanyahou, il m'en parle comme si j'étais au courant de la polémique. J'ai compris qu'il parlait de la chronique de Guillaume Meurice, que j'avais écoutée en direct. Le sujet du jour n'avait rien à voir avec la guerre en Israël et Gaza, mais une façon d'introduire sa chronique a été de glisser la blague suivante:</p> <blockquote> <p>Pour Halloween je vous conseille le déguisement Netanyahu qui marche pas mal. Vous voyez qui c’est ? <em>Une sorte de nazi mais sans prépuce</em>.</p> </blockquote> <p>Je me suis souvenu de cette dernière phrase, qui en fait ne m'avait pas marqué, ni même fait sourire ; des blagues ratées, ou qui simplement ne me font pas rire, ça arrive. Je l'avais surtout pris pour un critique engagée sous forme de caricature envers une personne puissante. Je n'ai pas, à un seul moment, eu le sentiment d'une quelconque généralité ni d'un mépris envers toute une communauté, mais bien d'une attaque déguisée par l'humour envers un dirigeant.</p> <p>S'en est suivi une mise à pied, une plainte et un déferlement médiatique. Ce livre, chapitré par jour daté, raconte ce que Guillaume Meurice a vécu, du 30 octobre 2023 au 21 novembre de la même année.</p> <p>J'avais lu sur mastodon des critiques sur le fait qu'il n'ait pas présenter ses excuses pour avoir pu blesser certaines personnes. Cette remarque m'a fait réfléchir et j'espérais trouvé une explication dans ce livre où l'auteur exprime son point de vue. Tous dans son entourage ne sont pas d'accord avec cette décision, c'est d'ailleurs le cas de Charline Vanhoenacker avec qui il écrit avoir eu une discussion à ce sujet autour d'un repas. Il précise ne pas être journaliste et présenter une chronique destinée explicitement à la caricature ; expliquer pourquoi une blague, dans ce contexte, est drôle n'a des chances que de créer une malaise pour celui qui la raconte. Il cite un auteur écrivant ceci: « [...] Pour être caricaturale l’image reproduite d’un individu doit être grotesque et exagérée. », et concluant par: « Peut-être n’avez-vous pas assez exagéré ? ». Peut-être bien en fait.</p> <p>C'est intéressant de voir tout ce qu'il a parcouru et subi en si peu de temps. J'ai cru à une blague lorsqu'il retranscrit une question posée lors de son audition par la police judiciaire: « C’est qui, pour vous, le nazi absolu ? ». Sans compter ce qu'il cite comme étant la <em>fachosphère</em> qui semble lui être tombé dessus, à coup de messages écrits ou vocaux sur son téléphone privé remplis d'insultes et de menaces en tout genre.</p> <p>Ce livre m'a permi d'entrevoir ce que signifie être passé sous un rouleau compresseur médiatique. J'ai été étonné par la capacité de Guillaume Meurice à se détacher de ces événements. J'apprécie son style d'écriture, c'est une qualité qui m'a fait lire son ouvrage quasiment d'une traite. Quel que soit son travail, il n'en reste pas moins fidèle à ce qu'il semble être devenu aujourd'hui ; son ton désinvolte et au-dessus des normes me fait rire. Lorsqu'il travaillait comme agent de courrier, un responsable hiérarchique a souhaité ne plus le supporter. Guillaume Meurice a alors envoyé l'e-mail suivant à tout le personnel, que je me permets de copier, pour donner une idée de qui il.</p> <blockquote> <p>Aujourd’hui est mon dernier jour parmi vous. À défaut de pot de départ, veuillez trouver ci-dessous quelquesvers, remplis à ras bord d’émotions et de remerciements pour tous les bons moments passés en votre compagnie.</p> <blockquote> <p>Sogecap mon amour, comme tu vas me manquer<br /> Tes DHL, tes plis et tes recommandés<br /> Ont bercé mes semaines mais voilà qu’aujourd’hui<br /> Je dois me retirer, fi de plaisanteries</p> <p>Pourquoi ? me direz-vous. Demandez au bureau,<br /> Celui rez-de-chaussée, des Moyens généraux<br /> Adressez la demande, à celle qui, clin d’œil !<br /> Porte le nom d’un arbre dont on fait les cercueils</p> <p>Sans rancune, sans aigreur, avec les souvenirs<br /> De votre accueil cordial, vos mots et vos sourires<br /> Je quitte non sans peine votre quotidien<br /> Comme on quitte un ami, et vous quittez le mien</p> <p>Je vous souhaite à tous de biens belles années<br /> Si possible très loin de ces quelques métiers<br /> Qui d’une vie confortable offrent l’illusion<br /> Et petit à petit se transforment en prison</p> <p>Rappelez-vous dès lors l’enfant que vous étiez<br /> Ses rêves, ses envies, ses joies et ses pensées<br /> Car dès demain matin, vient en chassant la nuit<br /> Le premier jour du reste de votre longue vie.</p> </blockquote> <p>Merci à toutes et tous et au plaisir de croiser à nouveau votre route.</p> </blockquote> 2024-07-21T00:00:00+00:00 2024-07-21T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/lectures/goblin-slayer-light-novel-tome-01/ <p>Après le avoir visionné la première saison de l'anime, j'ai voulu connaître la suite en lisant le manga, c'est là où j'ai découvert que l'œuvre originale était un <em>light novel</em>.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>Comme le titre le suggère, on suit un personnage connu pour être l'exterminateur de gobelins. Sachant que, dans cet univers, les gobelins sont considérés comme les plus faibles de monstres pour beaucoup, il n'y a rien de glorieux à porter ce titre. Ces <em>petits démons</em> sont pris de haut par les aventuriers chevronnés, seuls les débutants acceptent les quêtes en rapport avec la suppression de gobelins: il n'est guère glorieux de supprimer cette espèce, et les récompenses, souvent promises par des gens vivant à la campagne, sont minces.</p> <p>Les gobelins sont représentés comme étant faibles et comparables à des enfants dotés d'une cruauté inhumaine. Qu'arriverait-il à un groupe de jeunes aventuriers inexpérimentés, et surtout aux femmes, qui sous-estimerait ces créatures? C'est ce qu'on apprend dès le premier chapitre.</p> <blockquote> <p>Par la taille, la ruse et la force, les gobelins étaient comparables à des enfants. Exactement comme on le leur avait dit.</p> <p>Mais si ces enfants prenaient les armes, tendaient des embuscades pour tuer et décidaient de se déplacer par groupes de dix ?</p> </blockquote> <p>C'est là que <em>Goblin Slayer</em> intervient. Ce n'est pas un personnage aux capacités hors normes, on suit la vie d'une personne obsédée par ces <em>petites démons</em>, ne les sous-estimant pour rien au monde, et montrant autant de pitié à leur égard qu'eux n'en ont pour les femmes qu'ils capturent.</p> <p>Lors de la lecture, j'ai ressenti à certains moments l'angoisse d'être dans une grotte aux prises avec ces montres pouvant surgir de nulle part, ainsi qu'un sentiment d'apaisement à l'idée d'être au côté du Crève Gobelin.</p> <p>Je n'ai pas ressenti de longueur dans ce tome, j'ai adoré le dernier combat, l'écriture a bien complété les images de l'anime qui m'avaient déjà marquées. Les dialogues sont prenants, une particularité que l'on peut noter est l'absence de nom pour les personnages, seuls des surnoms sont utilisés. Cela peut être le nom de la classe: Prêtresse, Shaman Nain, ou Archère. Ou une fonction, comme l'Hôtesse ou la Vachère. Cela ne m'a ni dérangé ni déplu ; pour le Crève Gobeglin, le nom n'a pas d'importance, seule la fonction exercée peut s'avérer utile, en ce sens ce côté pragmatique dans la manière de nommer les personnages est donc cohérent avec la philosophie de vie du principal protagoniste.</p> 2024-02-02T00:00:00+00:00 2024-02-02T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-modeladmin-valeur-par-defaut-list-filter-vide/ <p>Par défaut, si le champ peut être vide, wagtail affiche <code>-</code>. On peut le remplacer.</p> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-modeladmin-valeur-par-defaut-list-filter-vide/img.png" alt="" /></p> <p>Il faut récupérer le bon type de filtre, voir la liste des classe <a href="https://github.com/django/django/blob/0630ca5725ba5b17c61cd1f6a05dce2660c4724e/django/contrib/admin/filters.py#L461">ici</a>. Dans mon cas, il s'agissait d'un <code>RelatedFieldListFilter</code>, car le champ est une <code>ForeignKey</code>.</p> <p>J'ai donc:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> wagtail_hooks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">django</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">contrib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">admin</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">RelatedFieldListFilter</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">SubscriberAdminStatusFilter</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">RelatedFieldListFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choices</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">changelist</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choice</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">super</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choices</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">changelist</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-loop z-for z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choice</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">display<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">==</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">-<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choice</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">display<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">À traiter<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-yield z-python">yield</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choice</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">SubscriberAdmin</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">ModelAdmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> ... </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">list_filter</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-tuple z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">status_event<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">SubscriberAdminStatusFilter</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2023-03-26T00:00:00+00:00 2023-03-26T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-mu4e-message-dans-corbeille/ <p>Avec le raccourcis <code>d</code>, un message est taggé comme <code>Trash</code>, sera supprimé si <code>Expunge Both</code> dans <code>mbsync</code>. Il est possible de juste le déplacer vers le dossier <code>Trash</code>.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>Pour qu'un message soit simplement déplacé vers la corbeille, on peut rajoute ceci à la partie <code>:config</code>, via <a href="https://github.com/djcb/mu/issues/1136#issuecomment-1066303788">issues/1136#issuecomment-1066303788</a>.</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setf</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>alist<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">get</span> &#39;trash mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>marks<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">list</span> :<span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">char</span> &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>d<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>▼<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :prompt <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>dtrash<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :dyn<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>target <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">lambda</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>target msg<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">get</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>trash<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>folder msg<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :action <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">lambda</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>docid msg target<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-semicolon z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-lisp">;</span>; Here&#39;s the main difference to the regular trash mark, </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-semicolon z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-lisp">;</span>; no +T before -N so the message is not marked as </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-semicolon z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-lisp">;</span>; IMAP-deleted: </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>server<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>move docid <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mark<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>check<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>target target<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>-N<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2023-03-18T00:00:00+00:00 2023-03-18T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-permissions-pour-lister-ou-inspecter-un-modele-avec-wagtail/ <p><a href="https://wagtail.org/">Wagtail</a> a un comportement par défaut un peu déconcertant sur les autorisation d'accès aux éléments d'un modèle. Par exemple, considérons un modèle <code>Teacher</code> et sa représentation <code>TeacherAdmin</code> dans la page <code>admin</code> de wagtail.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> fichier models.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Teacher</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">models<span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span>Model</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-pass z-python">pass</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> fichier wagtail_hooks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">TeacherAdmin</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">ModelAdmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">models</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Teacher</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On dispose d'une interface nous permettant d'attribuer des permissions, par défaut <code>add_teacher</code>, <code>change_teacher</code>, <code>delete_teacher</code> et <code>view_teacher</code> sont présentes.</p> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-permissions-pour-lister-ou-inspecter-un-modele-avec-wagtail/screenshot_wagtail.png" alt="Permissions d&#39;objets: cases à cocher avec «ajouter», «modifier», «supprimer»" /></p> <p>Un utilisateur n'ayant pas les droits <code>view_teacher</code>, ne pourra donc pas lister ou inspecter un enseignant dans la page admin. Mais, si une seule autre permission lui est assignée, ce sera le cas.</p> <p>Cela paraît logique: si un utilisateur peut modifier un enseignant, alors il doit pouvoir les lister ou l'inspecter. Seulement, on peut parfois avoir besoin d'ajouter une permission spéciale, qui ne nécessite pas de lister les enseignants, mais autorise l'utilisateur à réaliser certaines actions (en lui laissant accéder à une vue personnalisée). Dans ce cas, lui donner cette permission aura pour effet de lui permettre de lister tous les enseignants, ce qui n'est pas forcément souhaité.</p> <p>Si on regarde l'implémentation de <a href="https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/blob/69665ca6ddf37e6d42ecdb2075c710593cd2624e/wagtail/contrib/modeladmin/helpers/permission.py#L61"><code>user_can_list()</code></a> ou <a href="https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/blob/69665ca6ddf37e6d42ecdb2075c710593cd2624e/wagtail/contrib/modeladmin/helpers/permission.py#L76"><code>user_can_inspect_object()</code></a> dans wagtail, on remarque que la permission est accordée si <code>user_has_any_permissions()</code>, i.e. si l'utilisateur a au moins une autre permission sur le modèle. On va changer ce comportement en définissant une nouvelle classe <code>StrictModelAdmin</code> qui nous convient.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wagtail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">contrib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">modeladmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">helpers</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">permission</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">PermissionHelper</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wagtail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">contrib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">modeladmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">options</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ModelAdmin</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">StrictPermissionHelper</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">PermissionHelper</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-block z-documentation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-python">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-block z-documentation z-python"> Ne peut accéder ou lister les éléments modèle que si la permission </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-block z-documentation z-python"> view_&lt;model_name&gt; est spécifiée et pas une autre. </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-block z-documentation z-python"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-block z-documentation z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-end z-python">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_can_view</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">user</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">perm_codename</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">self</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_perm_codename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">view<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">self</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_has_specific_permission</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">perm_codename</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_can_list</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">user</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">self</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_can_view</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_can_inspect_obj</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">user</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">obj</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">inspect_view_enabled</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">and</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">self</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user_can_view</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">StrictModelAdmin</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">ModelAdmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">permission_helper_class</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">StrictPermissionHelper</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On peut utiliser <code>StrictModelAdmin</code> dans les fichiers <code>wagtail_hooks.py</code> en remplacement de <code>ModelAdmin</code>. Il faudra dès lors obligatoirement cocher la permission <code>view_&lt;model_name&gt;</code> si l'on souhaite qu'un utilisateur fasse des opérations <code>CRUD</code> sur des objets du modèle.</p> 2023-03-05T00:00:00+00:00 2023-03-05T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-creer-des-feuilles-quadrillees-a4/ <p>J'avais besoin de feuilles quadrillées, avec un quadrillage en gris assez clair. Le code latex suivant génère une telle page.</p> <pre data-lang="latex" class="language-latex z-code"><code class="language-latex" data-lang="latex"><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-documentclass z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-preamble z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>documentclass</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-bracket z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-begin z-latex">[</span>a4paper<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-end z-latex">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-documentclass z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-documentclass z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">a</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">r</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">t</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">i</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">c</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">l</span><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-preamble z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>usepackage</span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">xcolor</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-preamble z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>usepackage</span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-preamble z-usepackage z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-support z-class z-latex">tikz</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">document</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>thispagestyle</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>empty<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>usetikzlibrary</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>calc<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\pmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>0cm<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge page </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\plmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pargmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge page gauche </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\prmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pargmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge page droite </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\ptmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pargmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge page haut </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\pbmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pargmin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge page bas </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\redmargin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>2.5cm<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Marge rouge </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\opacity</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>60<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Opacité </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-meta z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-storage z-modifier z-newcommand z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>newcommand</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-support z-function z-latex"><span class="z-entity z-name z-newcommand z-latex">\gridsize</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>0.5cm<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-percentage z-tex">% Taille du quadrillage </span></span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">tikzpicture</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-bracket z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-begin z-latex">[</span>remember picture, overlay, <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-bracket z-latex">shift</span>=(current page.north west)<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-end z-latex">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-begin z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>begin</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">scope</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-bracket z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-begin z-latex">[</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-bracket z-latex">x</span>=<span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>(current page.north east)<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span>,<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-bracket z-latex">y</span>=<span class="z-meta z-group z-brace z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span>(current page.south west)<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-bracket z-end z-latex">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>draw</span>[step=<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>gridsize</span>, gray!<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>opacity</span>!white, very thin] (<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pmargin</span>, -<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pmargin</span>) grid (<span class="z-meta z-environment z-math z-inline z-dollar z-latex"><span class="z-string z-other z-math z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-latex">$</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-math z-tex">1</span>,<span class="z-constant z-numeric z-math z-tex">1</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">)</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-math z-tex">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-math z-tex">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-math z-tex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-tex">\</span>pmargin</span>, <span class="z-support z-function z-math z-tex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-tex">\</span>pmargin</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">)</span><span class="z-string z-other z-math z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-latex">$</span></span></span>); </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>draw</span>[red, line width=1pt] (<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>redmargin</span>, -<span class="z-support z-function z-general z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>pmargin</span>) -- (<span class="z-meta z-environment z-math z-inline z-dollar z-latex"><span class="z-string z-other z-math z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-latex">$</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-math z-tex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-tex">\</span>redmargin</span>, <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-math z-tex">1</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">)</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-math z-tex">-</span> <span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-math z-tex">0</span>, <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-math z-tex">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-math z-tex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-tex">\</span>pmargin</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-parenthesis z-tex">)</span><span class="z-string z-other z-math z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-latex">$</span></span></span>); </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"> <span class="z-support z-function z-end z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-end z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">scope</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-end z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-end z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">tikzpicture</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span> </span><span class="z-text z-tex z-latex"><span class="z-support z-function z-end z-latex"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-end z-latex"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-backslash z-latex">\</span>end</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-begin z-latex">{</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function z-latex">document</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-brace z-end z-latex">}</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Pour le compiler: <code>latexmk -pdf page.tex</code>.</p> <p>On peut générer deux pages à imprimer recto-verso via la commande suivante:</p> <p><code>pdftk papier.pdf cat 1 1 output toprint.pdf</code></p> <p>Voir un exemple de rendu: <a href="https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-creer-des-feuilles-quadrillees-a4/papier_quadrille.pdf">papier_quadrille.pdf</a>.</p> 2022-12-22T00:00:00+00:00 2022-12-22T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-lire-son-agenda-en-ligne-de-commande/ <p>Pour avoir accès hors ligne à mes agendas rapidement en ligne de commande (et donc également via emacs), j'utilise la combinaison <a href="https://github.com/pimutils/vdirsyncer">vdirsyncer</a> (gérant la synchronisation) et <a href="https://lostpackets.de/khal/">khal</a> (donnant une interface interactive ou non).</p> <p>La configuration de <code>vdirsyncer</code> se fait via le fichier <code>~/.config/vdirsyncer/config</code>. On aura un espace local qui sera synchronisé avec un espace distant, ce dernier sera mis à <code>read_only</code> pour ma part (comme je n'utilise <code>khal</code> que pour la visualisation, bien qu'il puisse être étendu).</p> <p>La configuration est la suivante:</p> <pre data-lang="ini" class="language-ini z-code"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[general] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">status_path</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;~/.config/vdirsyncer/status/&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[pair calname_calendar] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">a</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;calname_calendar_local&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">b</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;calname_calendar_remote&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">collections</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> [<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;from a&quot;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">,</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;from b&quot;</span>] </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[storage calname_calendar_local] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">type</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;filesystem&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">path</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;~/.config/vdirsyncer/calendars/calname&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">fileext</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;.ics&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[storage calname_calendar_remote] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">type</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;caldav&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">url</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;https://CALDAVURL/&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">username</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;USERNAME&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">password</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;PASSWORD&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">read_only</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">true</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Pour chaque calendrier <code>calname</code>, on aura deux emplacements <code>calname_calendar_local</code> et <code>calname_calendar_remote</code>. L'ajout d'un deuxième calendrier demandera d'ajouter le triplet <code>pair cal2</code>, <code>storage cal2_local</code> et <code>storage cal2_remote</code>.</p> <p>Une fois fait, il suffit de lancer la commande <code>vdirsync discover</code>. La synchronisation des agendas se fera via la commande <code>vdirsyncer sync</code>, que l'on peut ajouter à son <code>crontab</code>.</p> <p>Vient ensuite la configuration de <code>khal</code>. La configuration se fait via le fichier <code>~/.config/khal</code> et vaut:</p> <pre data-lang="ini" class="language-ini z-code"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[calendars] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[[calname]] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">path</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;~/.config/vdirsyncer/calendars/calname/&lt;UUID&gt;&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">readonly</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-genconfig">true</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">color</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;#6BBA88&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[locale] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">timeformat</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%H</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%M</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">dateformat</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%Y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%m</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%d</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">longdateformat</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%Y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%m</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%d</span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%a</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">datetimeformat</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%Y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%m</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%d</span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%H</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%M</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">longdatetimeformat</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%Y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%m</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%d</span> <span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%H</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span><span class="z-storage z-source z-genconfig">%M</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-storage z-type z-genconfig">[view] </span></span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">agenda_event_format</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">=</span></span> {calendar<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>color}{cancelled}{start<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>end<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>time<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>style} {title} {<span class="z-keyword z-other z-genconfig">location</span>} {repeat<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>symbol}{alarm<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>symbol}{description<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>separator}{description} {url}{reset} </span></code></pre> <p>Chaque calendrier de <code>~/.config/vdirsync/calendars/</code> pourra être rajouté dans la partie <code>[calendars]</code> (<code>ls =~/.config/vdirsync/calendars/</code> pour récupérer l'uuid du dossier).</p> <p>On a accès ensuite aux commandes:</p> <ul> <li><code>khal calendar</code> qui affiche les premiers mois.</li> <li><code>khal interactive</code> qui permet de naviguer dans le calendrier</li> <li><code>khal list</code> qui liste tous les événements à venir. Un peut spécifier une date de début et de fin, utiliser pour exporter ses agendas.</li> <li><code>khal search</code> pour rechercher des occurrences dans tous les agendas.</li> </ul> 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-mu4e-inserer-signature-fin-corps/ <p>Par défaut, mu4e insère la signature tout à la fin du message, après les citations lorsqu'on répond ou forward un message. Cette <a href="https://github.com/djcb/mu/issues/706#issuecomment-904328020">issue #706</a> sur github indique comment faire pour éviter ce problème. Mais comme indiqué sur <a href="https://macowners.club/posts/signature-above-cited-text-mu4e/">ce post</a>, les deux tirets sont hardcodés dans le code de la fonction <code>(message-insert-signature)</code>, ce qui fait que certains clients de messagerie considéreront tout ce qui suit comme une signature, même les messages cités.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>La solution proposée sur <a href="https://macowners.club/posts/signature-above-cited-text-mu4e/">ce blog</a> est de copier-coller la fonction et de remplacer en dur les deux tirets par des points. J'ai préféré insérer la signature, puis supprimer les tirets si on n'est pas entrain de composer un nouveau message.</p> <p>Il faut donc rajouter dans <code>:config</code> de <code>(use-package mu4e)</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>signature<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>auto<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>include <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">nil</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function z-lisp"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function-type z-lisp">defun</span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-lisp">message-insert-signature-at-point</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>pmode<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>Function to insert signature at point.<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">when</span> pmode <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>goto<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>top<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>interactive<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">require</span> &#39;message<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>goto<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>body<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>save<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>restriction </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>narrow<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">to</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>region <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>point<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>point<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>insert<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>signature<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">when</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-lisp">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">string</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-lisp">=</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>type <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>new<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>beginning<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>of<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>buffer<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">replace</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">string</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>-- <span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-lisp">\n</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>goto<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>top<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>add<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook &#39;mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mode<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">lambda</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>insert<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>signature<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>at<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>point <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">nil</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">t</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>add<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook &#39;mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compose<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>pre<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">lambda</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>insert<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>signature<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>at<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>point <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">t</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">t</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-mu4e-piece-jointe-depuis-presse-papier/ <p>Parfois il est pratique de juste copier une image, et de la coller dans ses mails, comme pour faire un screenshot rapide.</p> <p>On peut rajouter cette fonctionnalité à emacs, en utilisant le programme <a href="https://github.com/astrand/xclip">xclip</a> sous linux.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>La fonction <code>mail-add-attachment-clipboard</code> peut être rajoutée à la section <code>:config</code> de <code>(use-package mu4e)</code>, elle est interactive et prend comme paramètre un nom de fichier qui sera attaché à l'e-mail en tant que pièce jointe. Le mimetype sera deviné en fonction de ce nom.</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function z-lisp"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function-type z-lisp">defun</span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-lisp">mail-add-attachment-clipboard</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>filename<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>interactive <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>sNom du fichier: <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">let</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>tmpdir <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>make<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>temp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>file <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>mu4e-attachment-<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-lisp">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>tmpfile <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>file<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>name<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>concat tmpdir filename<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mime <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mm<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>default<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>file<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>encoding filename<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>command <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>concat </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>xclip -o -selection clipboard -t <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> mime </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span> &gt; <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>shell<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">quote</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>argument tmpfile<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>shell<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>command command<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>add<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>attachment tmpfile<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 2022-12-20T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-mu4e-signer-emails/ <p>Pour signer un message avec mu4e, il suffit, lors de la composition du message, de faire appel à la fonction <code>(mml-secure-message-sign-pgpmime)</code>. On peut créer un <code>hook</code> qui signera automatiquement tous les messages pour certains contextes.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>Le code est inspiré de la discussion sur ce <a href="https://groups.google.com/g/mu-discuss/c/ZsYa6jKXw9A/m/-MPSjQEHBAAJ">google groups</a>, il faut le rajouter dans la partie <code>:config</code> de <code>(use-package mu4e)</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function z-lisp"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function-type z-lisp">defun</span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-lisp">sign-message-in-specified-context</span></span><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>Sign messages in a specified context.<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">let</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>ctx <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>current<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>name <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">if</span> ctx <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>name ctx<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">when</span> name </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">cond</span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">member</span> name &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>CONTEXT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>CONTEXT2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mml<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>secure<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>sign<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>pgpmime<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>add<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook &#39;message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>send<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>hook &#39;sign<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>in<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>specified<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Les contextes sont ceux définis via <code>(make-mu4e-context)</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-comment z-line z-semicolon z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-lisp">;</span>; ... </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>make<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :name <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>CONTEXT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :vars &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-comment z-line z-semicolon z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-lisp">;</span>; ... </span></span></span></span></code></pre> 2022-12-19T00:00:00+00:00 2022-12-19T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-configuer-mu4e/ <p>Pour mettre en place <code>mu4e</code> avec emacs sous archlinux, il faut installer <a href="https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mu-git">mu-git</a> et <a href="https://archlinux.org/packages/?name=isync">isync</a>. Les fichiers seront protégés par une clé <code>gpg</code>, qu'il faut donc créer.</p> <p>La procédure est la suivante:</p> <ol> <li>Créer le fichier <code>~/.authinfo.gpg</code>, utilisé par <code>sendmail.el</code> pour l'envoie d'email. On l'utilisera pour récupérer les mots de passe des serveurs IMAP avec <code>mbsync</code>, pour ne les stocker qu'à un seul endroit.</li> <li>Configurer <code>mbsync</code> via le fichier <code>~/.mbsync.rc</code> afin de récupérer les e-mails depuis les serveurs distants en local.</li> <li>Indexer les e-mails avec <code>mu</code>.</li> <li>Mettre en place <code>mu4e</code>.</li> </ol> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>Ouvrez le fichier <code>~/.auhthinfo.gpg</code> avec emacs, puis sauvegardez-le. Emacs propose de sélectionner des destinataires pour le chiffrement. Selon le guide sur <a href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/GnusAuthinfo">emacswiki</a>, il est préférable d'en choisir au moins un, sinon on devra rentrer notre mot de passe à chaque fois que l'on sauvegarde le fichier.</p> <p>Pour l'exemple prenons un service IMAP. On aura besoin du serveur IMAP: <code>imap.example.com</code>, ainsi que du serveur smtp pour l'envoi des emails: <code>smtp.example.com</code>.</p> <p>Chaque ligne du fichier <code>~/.authinfo.gpg</code> correspondra aux identifiants utilisés pour envoyer un e-mail via <code>smtpmail</code>. Une ligne a la forme suivante:</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp">machine mail.example.com YOUR_EMAIL email port 465 password YOUR_PASSWORD </span></code></pre> <p>On va configurer <code>mbsync</code> via le fichier <code>~/.mbsyncrc</code>, remplacez <code>ACCOUNT_NAME</code> par un nom de compte de votre choix, et <code>YOUR_EMAIL</code> par votre adresse email complète.</p> <pre data-lang="cfg" class="language-cfg z-code"><code class="language-cfg" data-lang="cfg"><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">IMAPAccount</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Host</span> </span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>example<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>com </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">User</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">YOUR_EMAIL</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">PassCmd</span> </span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-genconfig">&quot;/usr/bin/gpg2 -q --for-your-eyes-only --no-tty -d ~/.authinfo.gpg | grep YOUR_EMAIL | sed &#39;s/.*password //&#39;&quot;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SSLType</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">IMAPS</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">CertificateFile</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>etc<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>ssl<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>certs<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>ca<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>certificates<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">.</span>crt </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">IMAPStore</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>remote </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Account</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">MaildirStore</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>local </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Path</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">~</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>Mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Inbox</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">~</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span>Mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">/</span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">INBOX</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SubFolders</span> </span>Verbatim </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Channel</span> </span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Far</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span></span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>remote<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Near</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span></span><span class="z-support z-constant z-genconfig">ACCOUNT_NAME</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">-</span>local<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">:</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Patterns</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">*</span> </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Create</span> </span>Both </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">Expunge</span> </span>Both </span><span class="z-source z-genconfig"><span class="z-meta z-param z-genconfig"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-genconfig">SyncState</span> </span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-genconfig">*</span> </span></code></pre> <p>La commande spécifiée dans <code>PassCmd</code> récupère le mot de passe du compte SMTP stocké dans <code>~/.authinfo</code>.</p> <p>Il faut créer le dossier dans <code>~/Mail/</code> avant de lancer <code>mbsync</code> la première fois:</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mkdir</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-tilde"><span class="z-variable z-language z-tilde z-shell">~</span></span>/Mail/ACCOUNT_NAME</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mbsync</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> ACCOUNT_NAME</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Si la commande n'échoue pas, elle renvoie un résultat comme suit:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">$ mbsync ACCOUNT_NAME </span><span class="z-text z-plain">C: 1/1 B: 10/10 F: +0/0 *0/0 #0/0 N: +0/0 *0/0 #0/0 </span></code></pre> <p>Un fois fait, on peut indexer nos e-mails avec la commande <code>mu</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mu</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> index<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>m</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-tilde"><span class="z-variable z-language z-tilde z-shell">~</span></span>/Mail<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>my-address</span> YOUR_EMAIL<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>my-address</span> YOUR_OTHER_EMAIL</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Il reste à configurer <code>mu4e</code>, le frontend à <code>mu</code>. La configuration suivante utilise <code>use-package</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">use-package</span> mu4e </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :<span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">load</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>path <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/usr/share/emacs/site-lisp/mu4e/<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :init </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">use-package</span> smtpmail<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :config </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>update<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>interval <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">*</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-lisp">5</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-lisp">60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">get</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>command <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>mbsync -a<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>user<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>agent &#39;mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>user<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>agent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> message<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>send<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>function &#39;smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>send<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>it<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>sent<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>messages<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>behavior &#39;sent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>change<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>filenames<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">when</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>moving <span class="z-constant z-language z-lisp">t</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>policy &#39;pick<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">first</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>contexts </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">list</span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>make<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>context </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :name <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>ACCOUNT_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> :vars &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>trash<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>folder . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/ACCOUNT_NAME/Trash<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>refile<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>folder . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/ACCOUNT_NAME/Archives<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>sent<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>folder . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/ACCOUNT_NAME/Sent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>mu4e<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>drafts<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>folder . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/ACCOUNT_NAME/Drafts<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>user<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>mail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>address . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>YOUR_EMAIL<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>user<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>full<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>name . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>Firstname Lastname<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>default<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>smtp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>server . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>smtp.example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>smtp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>server . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>smtp.example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>smtp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>user . <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>YOUR_EMAIL<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>stream<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>type . ssl<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>smtpmail<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>smtp<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>service . <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-lisp">465</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal z-stray-bracket-end z-lisp">)</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Dans la configuration, <code>(setq mu4e-sent-messages-behavior 'sent)</code> doit être mis à <code>'delete</code> dans le cas du serveur IMAP de Gmail, car ce dernier s'occupe de copier les messages dans le dossier <em>Sent</em>.</p> <p>La ligne <code>(setq mu4e-change-filenames-when-moving t)</code> est nécessaire lorsqu'on utilise <code>mbsync</code>, voir <a href="https://www.djcbsoftware.nl/code/mu/mu4e/Retrieving-mail.html">C.2.6 IMAP-synchronization and file-name changes</a>.</p> 2022-08-10T00:00:00+00:00 2022-08-10T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/emacs-org-utiliser-minted-export-latex/ <p>Le package <a href="http://tug.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/minted/minted.pdf">minted</a> permet un rendu plus beau (via l'outil <a href="https://pygments.org">pygments</a> écrit en python) du code. De plus, je préfère utiliser xelatex au lieu de latex.</p> <p>Il faut changer la manière dont on compile notre programme, pour ma part j'utilise <code>latexmk</code>. Le souci est que, lors des prévisualisation en latex, c'est le format <code>.dvi</code> qui est converti en <code>png</code>, or avec <code>xelatex</code>, il génère des pdf. Il faut donc modifier quelques variables:</p> <pre data-lang="lisp" class="language-lisp z-code"><code class="language-lisp" data-lang="lisp"><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>add<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">to</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">list</span> &#39;org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>packages<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>alist &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>minted<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>create<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>formula<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>image<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>program &#39;imagemagick<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>listings &#39;minted<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>pdf<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>process &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>latexmk -shell-escape -f -pdf -%latex -interaction=nonstopmode -output-directory=%o %f<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">setq</span> org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>preview<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>process<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>alist </span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-keyword z-control z-lisp">let</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">*</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>imagemagick <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>alist<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">get</span> &#39;imagemagick org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>preview<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>process<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>alist<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>imagemagick <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>plist<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>put imagemagick :programs &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>xelatex<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>convert<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>imagemagick <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>plist<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>put imagemagick :latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>compiler &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>xelatex -shell-escape -interaction nonstopmode -output-directory %o %f<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>imagemagick <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>plist<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>put imagemagick :image<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>converter &#39;<span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-lisp">&quot;</span>/usr/bin/gm convert -density %D -trim -antialias %f -quality 100 %O<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-lisp">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">cons</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">cons</span> &#39;imagemagick imagemagick<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-lisp"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-begin z-lisp">(</span>assq<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-lisp">delete</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>all &#39;imagemagick org<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>preview<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>latex<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>process<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-lisp">-</span>alist<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-group z-end z-lisp">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>J'utilise ici GraphicsMagick plutôt que ImageMagick (ligne <code>/usr/bin/gm convert</code> au lieu de <code>/usr/bin/convert</code>).</p> <p>Au début de votre document, vous pourrez spécifier le compilateur:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">#+latex_compiler: xelatex </span></code></pre> 2022-02-18T00:00:00+00:00 2022-02-18T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/linux-partager-connexion-wifi-via-ethernet/ <div class="info"> <p>Cet article se base principalement sur le post <a href="https://medium.com/@TarunChinmai/sharing-internet-connection-from-a-linux-machine-over-ethernet-a5cbbd775a4f">sharing-internet-connection-from-a-linux-machine-over-ethernet</a>.</p> </div> <p>On souhaite obtenir une connexion internet sur un ordinateur ne disposant que d'une connexion filaire. On va relier ce dernier au port ethernet de notre portable, qui dispose d'un accès à internet via sa connexion wifi.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p><span class="underline">Le portable</span> sera donc celui qui dispose d'une connexion internet via wifi, et <span class="underline">le PC</span> celui qui souhaite obtenir, en filaire, une connexion internet.</p> <p>Je votre portable, on lance la commande <code>ip a</code>, on obtient plusieurs interfaces, par exemple:</p> <ul> <li><strong>enp0s31f6</strong>: ethernet</li> <li><strong>wlp0s20f3</strong>: wifi</li> </ul> <p>Les commandes suivantes sont à exécuter sur le portable.</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">ip a add 192.168.122.10/24 dev enp0s31f6 </span><span class="z-text z-plain">iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlp0s20f3 -j MASQUERADE </span><span class="z-text z-plain">iptables -I FORWARD -o wlp0s20f3 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT </span><span class="z-text z-plain">iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT </span></code></pre> <p>Ensuite, sur le PC, on lui attribue:</p> <ul> <li>Une adresse ipv4 statique: <code>192.168.120.05</code></li> <li>Un masque: <code>255.255.255.0</code></li> <li>L'ip de notre potable comme passerelle: <code>192.168.120.10</code></li> <li>Des serveurs dns: <code>1.1.1.1</code></li> </ul> 2021-08-26T00:00:00+00:00 2021-08-26T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/linux-mint-lmde4-btrfs-sous-volumes/ <p>Sur les éditions basées sur Ubuntu de Linux Mint, l'installateur permet d'avoir deux sous-volumes <code>@</code> et <code>@home</code> dans une même partition <code>btrfs</code>, ce que ne permet pas l'installateur de la version LMDE, sauf en mode expert.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>La première chose va être de créer les partitions nous-mêmes: ici j'utilise un simple système de partition DOS, avec un partition <code>btrfs</code> et une autre <code>swap</code>, que vous pouvez faire avec <code>gparted</code> (note : mettez bien 2Mo de libre en début du disque, pour le MBR).</p> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/linux-mint-lmde4-btrfs-sous-volumes/lmde4_garted.png" alt="Fenêtre gparted, scan de /dev/sda avec les partitions précicées ci-haut" /></p> <p>Une fois ceci fait, on va créer nos sous-volumes, ici la partition à monter est <code>/dev/sda1</code>. Les commandes sont les suivantes :</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> mount /dev/sda1 /mnt</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> umount /mnt</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Lors de l'installation, on va devoir monter nos dossiers dans <code>/target</code>, ce qu'on fait.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> mkdir /target</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> mount<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> subvol=@ /dev/sda1 /target</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> mkdir /target/home</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> mount<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> subvol=@home /dev/sda1 /target/home</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Ensuite, on va lancer l'installateur en mode expert via <code>sudo live-installer-expert-mode</code>, lors du partitionnement, on choisira le mode expert en-bas à gauche.</p> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/linux-mint-lmde4-btrfs-sous-volumes/lmde4_installer_expert.png" alt="Fenêtre LMDE 4 Debbie, une partition btrfs et une autre swap, le bouton mode expert est encadré en rouge" /></p> <p>L'installation du GRUB se fera sur <code>/dev/sda</code>. Une fois la copie faite, un fenêtre apparaîtra vous laissant le temps de modifier les fichiers présents dans la partition. L'objectif est de créer le fichier <code>/target/etc/fstab</code>.</p> <p>On a besoin de l'UUID de notre partition, ce qu'on peut obtenir via la commande <code>blkid</code>.</p> <p>Voici ce qu'on peut obtenir:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">$</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> blkid</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/dev/loop0:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> TYPE=<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>squashfs<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/dev/sda1:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> UUID=<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>9a79ccef-7d32-4d40-aa9d-cb92b8212808<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> TYPE=<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>btrfs<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/dev/sda2:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> UUID=<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>e716ac11-7962-4154-b679-bcf1459e84cf<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> TYPE=<span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>swap<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Ouvrez le fichier <code>/target/etc/fstab</code> comme suit:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">UUID</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell">9a79ccef-7d32-4d40-aa9d-cb92b8212808</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> btrfs defaults,subvol=@ 0 0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">UUID</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell">2fd518c1-6d5e-47f3-a155-92ec3cb9d3d4</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/home</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> btrfs defaults,subvol=@home 0 0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">UUID</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell">e716ac11-7962-4154-b679-bcf1459e84cf</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">none</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> swap defaults 0 0</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Vous pouvez ensuite appuyer sur <code>suivant</code> pour que l'installation se termine.</p> 2021-05-10T00:00:00+00:00 2021-05-10T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wordpress-supprimer-tables-etrangeres/ <p>Si on a une base de données par site wordpress, parfois, lors d'un exporte, il arrive qu'on ait récupérer des tables d'autres sites, avec d'autres préfix, on peut les supprimer.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span><div class="note"> <p>On suppose ici que la BD de votre site wordpress ne stocke rien d'autres d'utiles, faites bien un backup de la BD avant toute opération.</p> </div> <p>Grâce à wp-cli, on peut réaliser ceci en une commande:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">old_tables</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell"><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-command z-parens z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-begin z-shell">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>show tables<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db cli</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">tail</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>n</span> +2</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">grep</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>v</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>^<span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-command z-parens z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-begin z-shell">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db prefix</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-end z-shell">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-end z-shell">)</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-shell">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-double-brace z-begin z-shell">[[</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell">-</span>z</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">old_tables</span></span> <span class="z-support z-function z-double-brace z-end z-shell">]]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-continue z-shell">;</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-then z-shell">then</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>No table to clean...<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-else z-shell">else</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-while z-shell">while</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-read z-shell">read</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-continue z-shell">;</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-do z-shell">do</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>Remove <span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">db</span></span>...<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>drop table <span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">db</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db cli</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-end z-shell">done</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-herestring z-shell">&lt;&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">old_tables</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-end z-shell">fi</span> </span></code></pre> 2021-04-20T00:00:00+00:00 2021-04-20T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wordpress-changer-prefix-table/ <div class="note"> <p>On va manipuler les bases de données d'un site wordpress (un ou plusieurs si vous partagez la même BD entre plusieurs sites). Avant de faire quoi que ce soit, faites un backup de votre base de données, et testez-le pour être sûr de pouvoir annuler vos opérations.</p> </div> <div class="info"> <p>L'article se base sur la méthode 1 d'un poste disponible à l'adresse suivante: <a href="https://www.wpmyweb.com/wordpress/change-wordpress-database-table-prefix.html">wpmyweb.com/change-wordpress-database-table-prefix.html</a></p> </div> <p>Il faut déterminer le préfix des tables utilisées, on l'obtient via la valeur de la variable <code>$table_prefix</code> dans <code>wp-config.php</code>.</p> <p>On récupère d'abord toutes les tables concernées dans une variable <code>$tables</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">tables</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell"><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-command z-parens z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-begin z-shell">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mysql</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>u</span> DBUSER DBNAME<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>e</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>show tables;<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>B</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">grep</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>DBPREFIX<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parens z-end z-shell">)</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>où <code>DBUSER</code>, <code>DBNAME</code> et <code>DBPREFIX</code> sont respectivement le nom d'utilisateur qui a accès à la base de données, le nom de la BD ainsi que le préfix des tables utilisé.</p> <p>On renomme ensuite toutes les tables via l'instruction sql <code>RENAME</code>. Notons <code>NEWPREFIX</code> le nouveau préfix souhaité. Pour tester notre code avant de l'exécuter, on peut vérifier ce qu'il va réaliser:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-while z-shell">while</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-read z-shell">read</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> table</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-continue z-shell">;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-do z-shell">do</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">newname</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>NEWPREFIX<span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-expansion z-parameter z-begin z-shell">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">table<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-expansion z-shell">#</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell">DBPREFIX</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-expansion z-parameter z-end z-shell">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>rename table <span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">table</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span> to <span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">newname</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-end z-shell">done</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-herestring z-shell">&lt;&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">tables</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Une fois le code sql approuvé, on peut l'exécuter:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-while z-shell">while</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-read z-shell">read</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> table</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-continue z-shell">;</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-do z-shell">do</span> <span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-assignment z-shell">newname</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-shell">=</span><span class="z-string z-unquoted z-shell"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>NEWPREFIX<span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-expansion z-parameter z-begin z-shell">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">table<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-expansion z-shell">#</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell">DBPREFIX</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-expansion z-parameter z-end z-shell">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-echo z-shell">echo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>rename table <span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">table</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span> to <span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">newname</span></span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape z-shell">\`</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mysql</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>u</span> DBUSER DBNAME<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-end z-shell">done</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-herestring z-shell">&lt;&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-expansion z-parameter z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-variable z-shell">$</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-readwrite z-shell">tables</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Ce n'est pas tout, car wordpress hardcode le préfix dans des entrées de deux de ses tables: <code>options</code> et <code>usermeta</code>.</p> <p>Vous remplacez <code>NEWPREFIX</code> par le nouveau préfix ci-après. Par exemple, si <code>NEWPREFIX</code> vaut <code>wp2_</code>, on a: <code>NEWPREFIXoptions</code> doit être remplacé par <code>wp2_options</code>. De même pour DBPREFIX qui équivaut à l'ancien préfix. Lancez mysql via <code>mysql -u DBUSER DBNAME -p</code>, et exécutez:</p> <pre data-lang="sql" class="language-sql z-code"><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="z-source z-sql"><span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">UPDATE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>NEWPREFIXoptions<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">SET</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>option_name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-sql">=</span>REPLACE(<span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>option_name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span>,<span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>DBPREFIX<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>,<span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>NEWPREFIX<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>) <span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">WHERE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>option_name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-sql">LIKE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>DBPREFIX%<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>; </span><span class="z-source z-sql"><span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">UPDATE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>NEWPREFIXusermeta<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">SET</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>meta_key<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-sql">=</span>REPLACE(<span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>meta_key<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span>,<span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>DBPREFIX<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>,<span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>NEWPREFIX<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>) <span class="z-keyword z-other z-DML z-sql">WHERE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-other z-backtick z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">`</span>meta_key<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">`</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-sql">LIKE</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-sql"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-sql">&#39;</span>DBPREFIX%<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-sql">&#39;</span></span>; </span></code></pre> 2021-04-18T00:00:00+00:00 2021-04-18T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wordpress-migrer-site-avec-wp-cli/ <p>Depuis la sortie de <a href="https://wp-cli.org/">wp-cli</a>, les opérations courantes sur un site web écrit en wordpress sont plus facilement automatisables. La mise à jour et la migration sont moins contraignantes.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span><div class="note"> <p>Les opérations qui suivent demandent un accès ssh aux différents serveurs.</p> </div> <p>On souhaite migrer notre site de <code>https://foo.com</code> vers <code>https://bar.com</code>. On se rend sur le serveur <code>foo.com</code>, on suppose que notre site web wordpress est dans le dossier <code>/path/wordpress</code>. On va créer un backup de la BD et du projet (dans <code>/backup</code>)</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">ssh</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span> xxx username1@foo.com <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> où xxx est le numéro de port pour se connecter en ssh à foo.com</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-cd z-shell">cd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /path/wordpress</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db export /backup/wordpress.sql</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">tar</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> czf /backup/wordpress.tar.gz .</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-exit z-shell">exit</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On copie les données de l'ancien site vers le nouveau (on peut se connecter à <code>bar.com</code>, et le copier directement via <code>foo.com</code>, mais parfois les hébergeurs bloquent certains ports, on va le faire le local).</p> <p>Sur le serveur distant, on suppose qu'on a l'arborescence suivante: <code>/path2/wordpress</code> pour le dossier wordpress, et <code>/backup2/</code> pour le dossier de backup.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">mkdir</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span> /tmp/wordpress</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-cd z-shell">cd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /tmp/wordpress</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> récupère le backup de bar.com en local</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">scp</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>P</span> xxx username1@foo.com:/backup/wordpress.sql .</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">scp</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>P</span> xxx username1@foo.com:/backup/wordpress.tar.gz .</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> envoie le backup vers foo.com</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">scp</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>P</span> yyy wordpress.sql username2@bar.com:/backup2/ <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> où yyy est le numéro de port pour se connecter en ssh à foo.com</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">scp</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>P</span> yyy wordpress.tar.gz username2@bar.com:/backup2/</span> </span></code></pre> <p>On se rend ensuite sur le serveur <code>bar.com</code> pour y migrer notre site.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">ssh</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> username2@bar.com</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-cd z-shell">cd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /path2/wordpress</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">tar</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> xzf /path2/wordpress.tar.gz</span> </span></code></pre> <p>On doit ensuite créer une base de donnée si elle n'existe pas, et modifier les informations d'accès dans le fichier <code>wp-config.php</code>, On peut l'ouvrir via nano ou un autre éditeur en console (<code>nano wp-config.php</code>).</p> <p>On modifie les informations suivantes:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">define(&#39;DB_NAME&#39;, &#39;Nom de la base de données&#39;); </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">/** MySQL database username */ </span><span class="z-text z-plain">define(&#39;DB_USER&#39;, &#39;Nom d`utilisateur de la BD&#39;); </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">/** MySQL database password */ </span><span class="z-text z-plain">define(&#39;DB_PASSWORD&#39;, &#39;Mot de passe d`accès à la BD&#39;); </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">/** MySQL hostname */ </span><span class="z-text z-plain">define(&#39;DB_HOST&#39;, &#39;Nom d`hôte de la BD (ou localhost si pas fourni)&#39;); </span></code></pre> <p>Reste à importer les différentes tables, et changer le nom de domaine, on est toujours dans <code>foo.bar:/path2/wordpress</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> db import /backup2/wordpress.sql</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> search-replace <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https://foo.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https://bar.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> search-replace <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https%3A%2F%2Fbar.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> on en profite aussi pour migrer les url qui ne sont pas en https://</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> search-replace <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>http://foo.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https://bar.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">wp-cli</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> search-replace <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>https%3A%2F%2Fbar.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On vérifie également le fichier <code>.htaccess</code>, en remplaçant toute occurrence de <code>foo.com</code> par <code>bar.com</code>, et notre site devrait être disponible via <code>https://bar.com</code>.</p> 2021-04-15T00:00:00+00:00 2021-04-15T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/django-generer-fichier-eml/ <p>Il est possible de générer un fichier <code>.eml</code> en django: cela peut être utile si l'on souhaite créer des templates d'email à ouvrir un client mail afin de les envoyer manuellement.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>On va utiliser la classe <code>EmailMessage</code> de <code>from django.core.mail</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">EmailMessage</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">content_subtype</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> si on souhaite envoyer un email au format html </span></span></code></pre> <p>Pour ne pas avoir des problèmes de caractères (rencontré surtout avec Outlook), on doit modifier l'instance de <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/email.policy.html">Policy</a> de l'e-mail. Par défaut j'ai remarqué que <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/email.policy.html#email.policy.Compat32">email.policy.Compat32</a> était utilisé (car une instance de <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/email.mime.html#email.mime.text.MIMEText">email.mime.text.MIMEText</a> est créée), on va le changer.</p> <p>On récupère l'instance</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">msg</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">message</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-python">with</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">open</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">filepath</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">w<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-as z-python">as</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-with z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gen</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">generator</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Generator</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">policy</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">policy</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant z-python">SMTP</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gen</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">flatten</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">msg</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Reste à renvoyer le fichier à l'utilisateur. Pour avoir un exemple concret, plaçons tout le code dans une requête de type fonction.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gen_email</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">filename</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">email.eml<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">EmailMessage</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">subject</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Le sujet...<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">body</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Le corps de l&#39;email...<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">from_email</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">from@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">to</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">to@example.com<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">headers</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">X-Unsent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">content_subtype</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">_</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">path</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">mkstemp</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">filename</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">msg</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">email_msg</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">message</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-python">with</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">open</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">path</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">w<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-as z-python">as</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-with z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gen</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">generator</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Generator</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">policy</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">policy</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant z-python">SMTP</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gen</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">flatten</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">msg</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">FileResponse</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">open</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">path</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">rb<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">as_attachment</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">filename</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">filename</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2021-04-15T00:00:00+00:00 2021-04-15T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-ajouter-action-un-seul-type-page/ <p><a href="https://wagtail.io/">Wagtail</a> permet de customiser à souhait son interface, il est possible de rajouter une action sur un type de page spécifique.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/wagtail-ajouter-action-un-seul-type-page/wagtail_page_action.png" alt="Menu déroulant, en deuxième position le texte «Modifier le stage» est encadré en rouge" /></p> <p>On suppose qu'on dispose du modèle <code>EventPage</code>, héritant de <code>Page</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> models.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wagtail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">core</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">models</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Page</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">EventPage</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">Page</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-pass z-python">pass</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Pour rajouter une action, celle-ci s'encode dans le fichier <code>wagtail_hooks.py</code>.</p> <p>On crée une classe héritant de <code>ActionMenuItem</code>, et qui renverra une url.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> wagtail_hooks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">django</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">shortcuts</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">redirect</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wagtail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">admin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">action_menu</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ActionMenuItem</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ShowEvent</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">ActionMenuItem</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">show-event<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">label</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-variable z-language z-python">_</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Modifier le stage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">icon_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">edit<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_url</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">context</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">redirect</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">my_url_name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Définir le classe ne suffit pas, il faut la rajouter à la liste des <code>action_menu</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> wagtail_hooks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wagtail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">core</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">hooks</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">hooks</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">register</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">register_page_action_menu_item<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">register_show_event_menu_item</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ShowEvent</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">order</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Le problème est que l'action apparaît sur <strong>toutes</strong> les pages, on va modifier ce comportement via le <em>hooks</em> <code>construct_page_action_menu</code>: on filtre la liste de <code>menu_items</code>, on n'affiche que ceux dont le nom n'est pas <code>show-event</code>, qui est le nom de notre classe <code>ShowEvent</code> définie plus haut.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> wagtail_hooks.py </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">hooks</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">register</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">construct_page_action_menu<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-relative z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">models</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">EventPage</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">show_event_only_on_event_page</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">menu_items</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">context</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">page</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">context</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">page<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">isinstance</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">page</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">EventPage</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">menu_items</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">item</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">item</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">menu_items</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">item</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">show-event<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span></code></pre> 2020-04-16T00:00:00+00:00 2020-04-16T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/python-jupyterhub-kernel-sagemath/ <p>Par défaut, lorsque l'on installe <a href="https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html">The Littlest JupyterHub</a>, le kernel par défaut est un environnement <a href="https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/">Anaconda</a>. Nous allons voir comment rajouter le kernel de <a href="http://www.sagemath.org">Sagemath</a>.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>L'avantage d'avoir cet environnement est la facilité d'installer des outils à jours et cohérents, grâce à l'écosystème fourni pour Anaconda. Sagemath 9 enfin compatible avec la version 3 de python, le plus simple pour l'installer est d'utiliser anaconda lui-même.</p> <p>Ouvrez une console via l'interface admin de votre jupyterhub, et écrivez les commandes suivantes:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>E</span> conda install mamba<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>c</span> conda-forge</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>E</span> mamba create<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>n</span> sage sage<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>c</span> conda-forge</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Cela crée un environnement <code>sage</code> indépendant de celui par défaut (vous aurez donc deux kernels, un python3 utilisant l'environnement par défaut de conda, et l'autre sagemath).</p> <p>Sagemath vient avec un kernel déjà configuré, reste à le rendre visible dans l'interface.</p> <ol> <li> <p>On se rend là où sont situés les kernels</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-support z-function z-cd z-shell">cd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /opt/tljh/user/share/jupyter/kernels</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Par défaut, seul <code>python3</code> est présent.</p> </li> <li> <p>On copie le kernel fourni par sage dans le répertoire courant.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>E</span> cp<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>R</span> /opt/tljh/user/envs/sage/share/jupyter/kernels/sagemath .</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Si on regarde le fichier <code>kernel.json</code> s'y trouvant, on remarque qu'il exécute le programme <code>/opt/tljh/user/envs/sage/bin/sage</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Pour l'exécuter, il faut y ajouter des variables d'environnement requises par sage pour fonctionner, ce que l'on ajoute au fichier <code>kernel.json</code> via la clé <code>env</code>. On obtient le fichier suivant:</p> <pre data-lang="json" class="language-json z-code"><code class="language-json" data-lang="json"><span class="z-source z-json"> <span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>argv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-json">[</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>/opt/tljh/user/envs/sage/bin/sage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>--python<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>-m<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>sage.repl.ipython_kernel<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>-f<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>{connection_file}<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-json"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-json">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>display_name<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>SageMath 9.0<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>language<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>sage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>env<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-json">{</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>SAGE_ROOT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>/opt/tljh/user/envs/sage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-pair z-json">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>SAGE_LOCAL<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-json">:</span> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-json"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-json">&quot;</span>/opt/tljh/user/envs/sage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-json">&quot;</span></span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-json"><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-json"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-json">}</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On peut vérifier que le kernel apparaît bien ensuite.</p> </li> </ol> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/python-jupyterhub-kernel-sagemath/jhub_with_sage_kernel.png" alt="" /></p> 2020-03-29T00:00:00+00:00 2020-03-29T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/python-scatter-plot-matplotlib-openstreetmap/ <p>L'objectif va être de réprésenter des coordonnées gps sur une carte quelconque, ici on va utiliser une carte de la Belgique, mais le code s'adapte pour tout autre pays.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/python-scatter-plot-matplotlib-openstreetmap/belgium_map.jpg" alt="Carte de la belgique avec des plusieurs coordonnées en bleu situées dessus" /></p> <h2 id="installation">Installation</h2> <p>Les librairies utilisées sont principalement:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/">Pandas</a> l'outil de manipulation de données en python.</li> <li><a href="https://geopandas.org/">Geopandas</a> afin de représenter des données géo-spatiales, basé sur pandas.</li> <li><a href="https://matplotlib.org/">Matplotlib</a> comme outil de création de graphe dont la syntaxe est inspirée par <em>Matlab</em> (utilisé par pandas).</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/darribas/contextily">Contextily</a> pour rajouter un fond en provenance de Openstreetmap.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/Toblerity/Shapely">Shapely</a> pour convertir des données d'une projection à une autre.</li> </ul> <p>Le plus simple pour mettre en place l'environnement de travail est d'utiliser <a href="https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/">Anaconda</a>.</p> <p>On peut alors installer les dépendances nécessaires, en créant un nouvel environnement virtuel via <code>conda</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">conda</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> create<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>n</span> drawit matplotlib geopandas pandas shapely</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">conda</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> activate drawit</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">pip</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> install contextily==1.0rc2</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Les imports utilisés sont les suivants:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pandas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">matplotlib</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pyplot</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geopandas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gpdd</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">json</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">random</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choices</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">shapely</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">geometry</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Point</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="donnees-externes">Données externes</h2> <p>Pour la carte de la Belgique, on va utiliser un fichier <a href="https://geojson.org/">GeoJSON</a> ou <a href="https://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf">shp</a> (ESRI Shapefile), que Geopandas peut lire. Le fichier utilisé est le suivant: <a href="https://sekun.eu/articles/python-scatter-plot-matplotlib-openstreetmap/BEL_adm0.shp"><code>BEL_adm0.shp</code></a>, et provient de <a href="https://github.com/Tuisto59/Peregrination/tree/master/SHAPEFILE/BEL_adm_shp">ce repo github</a>.</p> <p>Pour les coordonnées GPS à représenter, au lieu de les générer aléatoirement dans les bornes délimitant la Belgique, on peut plutôt utiliser la liste des coordonnées des villes du pays, obtenue via le <a href="https://github.com/jief/zipcode-belgium">ce repo github</a>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gp</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_file</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">BEL_adm_shp/BEL_adm0.shp<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-python">with</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">open</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">zipcode-belgium.json<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-with z-as z-python">as</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-with z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-with z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gps</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">json</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">load</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">f</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>On peut déjà afficher le rendu du fichier <code>shp</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">facecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">none<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">edgecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gray<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">axis</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/python-scatter-plot-matplotlib-openstreetmap/belgium_v1.jpg" alt="Frontières de la Belgique&quot;" /></p> <p>Les données gps obtenues contiennent l'ensemble des villes, leur code postal ainsi que leurs coordonnées gps.</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain"> [{&#39;zip&#39;: &#39;1000&#39;, &#39;city&#39;: &#39;Bruxelles&#39;, &#39;lng&#39;: 4.351697, &#39;lat&#39;: 50.8465573}, </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> {&#39;zip&#39;: &#39;1020&#39;, &#39;city&#39;: &#39;Laeken&#39;, &#39;lng&#39;: 4.3487134, &#39;lat&#39;: 50.883392}, </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> {&#39;zip&#39;: &#39;1030&#39;, &#39;city&#39;: &#39;Schaerbeek&#39;, &#39;lng&#39;: 4.3737121, &#39;lat&#39;: 50.8676041}, </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> ... </span></code></pre> <h2 id="representation-des-coordonnees-sur-la-carte">Représentation des coordonnées sur la carte</h2> <p>Nous allons d'abord prendre au hasard 50 données parmi ces dernières, que nous instancions via la classe <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html"><code>DataFrame</code></a> de pandas.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">DataFrame</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">choices</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gps</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">k</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">50</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Il nous reste à représenter ces coordonnées sur la carte.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Création d&#39;une seule figure de taille 10x10 </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fig</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">figure</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">figsize</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-tuple z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fig</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_subplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">axis</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> masquer les axes </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ax</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">facecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">none<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">edgecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gray<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">linewidth</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ax</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">lng<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">lat<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kind</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">scatter<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">alpha</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">show</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Le <code>facecolor="none"</code> est la façon avec Matplotlib de rendre le fond de la carte transparent.</p> <p><img src="https://sekun.eu/articles/python-scatter-plot-matplotlib-openstreetmap/belgium_v2.jpg" alt="Frontières de la Belgique avec des coordonnées dessinées dessus&quot;" /></p> <h2 id="openstreetmap-pour-le-fond-de-la-carte">Openstreetmap pour le fond de la carte</h2> <p>Nous allons rajouter comme fond une carte en provenance de <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/">Openstreetmap</a>. Pour ce faire, nous allons utiliser la librairie <a href="https://github.com/darribas/contextily">contextily</a>, conseillée dans la <a href="https://geopandas.org/gallery/plotting_basemap_background.html">doc de geopandas</a>.</p> <p>Le problème est que les coordonnées GPS fournies, et celles utilisées dans les cartes Openstreetmap ne sont pas obtenues via la même projection.</p> <p>Pour Openstreetmap on a une projection «Spherical Mercator» (<a href="https://epsg.io/3857">EPSG:3857</a>), pour les coordonnées GPS: «World Geodetic System» (<a href="https://epsg.io/4326">EPSG:4326</a>). Nous allons devoir convertir les données de la variable <code>belgium</code>, ainsi que celle de <code>gps</code> de <code>EPSG:4326</code> vers <code>EPSG:3857</code>. (Nous allons utiliser la librairie <a href="https://github.com/Toblerity/Shapely">Shapely</a>).</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_crs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">epsg</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3857</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geometry</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data2</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">coords<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">apply</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Point</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">gpd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">GeoDataFrame</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">crs</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">init<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">epsg:4326<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">geometry</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geometry</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_crs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">epsg</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3857</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Reste à rajouter une carte comme fond ; nous avons plusieurs choix fournis par la librairie <code>contextily</code>. Celle-ci utilise en réalité une librairie basée sur <a href="https://leafletjs.com/">leaflet</a>. On choisit un modèle sur <a href="http://leaflet-extras.github.io/leaflet-providers/preview/">cette page</a>, et le nom peut être récupéré via le fichier <a href="https://github.com/darribas/contextily/blob/master/contextily/_providers.py"><code>_providers.py</code></a> de <code>contextily</code> généré automatiquement.</p> <p>On utilise simplement la méthode <code>add_basemap</code> de <code>contextily</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fig</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">figure</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">figsize</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-tuple z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fig</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_subplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plt</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">axis</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">belgium</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ax</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">facecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">none<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">edgecolor</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">black<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">linewidth</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">alpha</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>8</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geometry</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">plot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ax</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">alpha</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ctx</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">add_basemap</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ax</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">url</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ctx</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">providers</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Hydda</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Base</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">alpha</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>8</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="autres-outils">Autres outils</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://python-visualization.github.io/folium/">Folium</a> pour générer des cartes leaflet en python.</li> </ul> 2018-11-25T00:00:00+00:00 2018-11-25T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/django-mixin-ou-decorateur-pour-gestion-acces-vues/ <p>Avec les vues sous forme de fonction en Django, on gérait les permissions à l'aide de décorateurs.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">login_required</span></span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">index</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">render</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">index.html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Depuis l'introduction des <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/class-based-views/">vues de type classe</a>, la documentation de django <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/auth/default/#the-loginrequired-mixin">précise</a> que pour avoir le même comportement qu'avec les décorateurs, on peut utiliser des classes mixins (ayant peu d'effets de bord).</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">IndexView</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">LoginRequiredMixin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-inheritance z-python">,</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">TemplateView</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">template_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">index.html<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Nous allons voir que le comportement est tout de même différent.</p> <p>Considérons la vue <code>TextView1</code> suivante:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">TestView1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">LoginRequiredMixin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-inheritance z-python">,</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">View</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">has_perm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">app</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">do_something</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-raise z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-raise z-python">raise</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">PermissionDenied</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">super</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">args</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">kwargs</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">HttpResponse</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Contenu view1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Lors de l'appel à <code>TestView1.as_view()</code>, la méthode <code>dispatch()</code> est appelée. On vérifie que l'utilisateur a bien la permission <code>app.do_something</code>, mais rien ne garantit que l'utilisateur est bien connecté ! Cela se fera seulement après l'appel à <code>super().dispatch()</code>, qui va d'abord appeler la méthode <code>dispatch()</code> de la mixin <code>LoginRequiredMixin</code>.</p> <p>On pourrait donc appeler d'abord la méthode <code>dispatch()</code> du parent, puis ensuite vérifier que l'utilisateur a bien les permissions nécessaires.</p> <p>On considère la vue <code>View2</code> suivante:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">View2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">LoginRequiredMixin</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-inheritance z-python">,</span> <span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">View</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">response</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">super</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">args</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">kwargs</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">has_perm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">stage.gerer_stage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-raise z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-raise z-python">raise</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">PermissionDenied</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">response</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">HttpResponse</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Contenu view2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Ici il y a deux possibilité:</p> <ul> <li>Soit on met l'attribut <a href="http://ccbv.co.uk/projects/Django/1.11/django.contrib.auth.mixins/LoginRequiredMixin/">raise_exception</a> à <code>True</code>, dans ce cas, lors de l'appel à <code>super().dispatch()</code>, une exception sera renvoyée.</li> <li>Soit on met l'attribut à <code>False</code>, et la réponse renvoyée par <code>super().dispatch()</code> sera une url de redirection vers la page de login. Or, on devrait renvoyer directement vers cette url, mais on vérifie que l'utilisateur a bien la permission <code>app.do_something</code>, même s'il n'est pas connecté!</li> </ul> <p>De plus, en imaginant que l'utilisateur est connecté, l'appel à la méthode <code>super().dispatch()</code> va exécuter un tas d'instructions qui, s'il s'avère que l'utilisateur n'a pas les permissions nécessaires, seront de toute façon futiles car un <code>raise PermissionDenied</code> sera de renvoyé.</p> <p>La dernière méthode, pour se rapprocher des décorateurs utilisés avec les vues de types fonction (<code>fbv</code>), on peut utiliser <code>@method_decorator</code> sur la classe (qui va en réalité s'appliquer sur la méthode <code>dispatch()</code>).</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">method_decorator</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">login_required</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">name</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">dispatch<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-class z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-class z-python">class</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-class z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Test3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-begin z-python">(</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-inheritance z-python"><span class="z-entity z-other z-inherited-class z-python">View</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-inheritance z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-class z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-class z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">user</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">has_perm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">stage.gerer_stage<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-raise z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-raise z-python">raise</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">PermissionDenied</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">super</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dispatch</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">request</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">args</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">kwargs</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"> <span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">self</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-sequence z-python">*</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">args</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-unpacking z-mapping z-python">**</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">kwargs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">HttpResponse</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Contenu view2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Dans ce cas, la méthode <code>dispatch()</code> est changée, et son contenu tel qu'implémenté dans la vue <code>Vue3</code> ne sera appelé que si l'utilisateur est connecté.</p> <p>Un projet avec test est disponible sur <a href="https://framagit.org/sekun/cbv-mixin-test">framagit/sekun/cbv-mixin-test</a>.</p> 2018-04-13T00:00:00+00:00 2018-04-13T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-firefoxos-sms-vers-android/ <p>Mozilla a cessé de maintenir son OS <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ">fin 2015</a>. Hésitant entre le <a href="https://puri.sm/">Librem 5</a> et un <a href="https://www.fairphone.com/en/">Fairphone 2</a>, j'ai opté pour le second, afin d'accéder immédiatement à l'ensemble des applications android (le librem pourra également, plus tard, permettre de lancer ces applications). L'équipe en charge du fairphone propose en plus un OS alternatif, le <a href="https://code.fairphone.com/projects/fp-osos/">Fairphoneopen</a>, supprimant des applications propriétaires et srevices google.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>Le problème était de transférer les sms de mon mobile sous Firefox OS, et de les récupérer sur android.</p> <p>J'ai d'abord utilisé la webapp <a href="https://github.com/Sekun/SMSBackupRestore">SMSBackupRestore</a>, l'installation se fait facilement via le WebIDE de firefox <code>MAJ+F8</code>. Une fois lancé, un fichier <code>backup-messages.xml</code> est créé et déposé dans la carte SD.</p> <p>Ensuite, l'objectif est d'importer les sms via l'application <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.riteshsahu.SMSBackupRestore&amp;hl=en">SMS Backup &amp; Restore</a> (Note : si l'application google play n'est pas installée, on peut se tourner vers <a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.aurora.store/">Aurora Store</a>).</p> <p>Le fichier <code>xml</code> généré par <code>SMSBackupRestore</code> (FOS) n'est pas compatible avec celui pouvant être importé par <code>SMS Backup &amp; Restore</code> (Android), dont la spécification est décrite <a href="http://synctech.com.au/fields-in-xml-backup-files/">sur leur site</a>. J'ai donc créé un script python qui génère le fichier attendu par ce dernier : <a href="https://sekun.eu/articles/divers-firefoxos-sms-vers-android/fos_copy_file_script.py"><code>fos_copy_file_script.py</code></a></p> 2018-04-04T00:00:00+00:00 2018-04-04T00:00:00+00:00 Sekun https://sekun.eu/articles/linux-nginx-visualiser-logs-avec-goaccess/ <p>Lorsque l'on veut avoir des statistiques d'accès sur un site, on peut mettre en place <a href="https://www.google.com/analytics/">google analytics</a>, ou la solution hébergeable et opensource <a href="https://matomo.org/">matomos</a> (anciennement piwik).</p> <p>On peut aussi se contenter des logs fournis par <a href="https://www.nginx.com/">nginx</a>, et utiliser le programme <a href="https://goaccess.io/">goaccess</a> qui va lire notre fichier de logs généré par nginx afin d'en traiter les données.</p> <span id="continue-reading"></span> <p>La première chose à vérifier est que nginx stocke bien les logs d'accès. Dans <code>/etc/nginx/nginx.conf</code>, on peut vérifier la présence de la ligne suivante :</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; </span></code></pre> <p>Notons que l'on peut aussi spécifier un fichier de log différent par virtualhost. Nous allons faire en sorte de pouvoir accéder aux logs de notre serveur, via l'emplacement <code>/log</code>, et sécurisé par un mot de passe (on suppose que le serveur nginx est déjà lancé, et propulse un serveur web en <code>http+ssl</code>).</p> <p>La commande suivante va analyser les logs d'accès générés par nginx, et en générer un rendu html dans <code>/var/www/log/index.html</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> Concatène tous les fichiers access.log</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">$</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /bin/zcat<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>f</span> /var/log/nginx/access.log<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span> <span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-continuation z-line z-shell">\ </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> Ignore les accès à la page de logs</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">grep</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>v</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>GET /log/<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-continuation z-line z-shell">\ </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"></span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> Génère les statistiques des logs dans un fichier html</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/usr/bin/goaccess</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> -<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>a</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>log-format</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-option z-shell">=</span>COMBINED<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> /var/www/log/index.html <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-redirection z-shell">&amp;&gt;</span>/dev/null</span> </span></code></pre> <p>En une seule ligne:</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">$</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> /bin/zcat<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>f</span> /var/log/nginx/access.log<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">grep</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>v</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>GET /log/<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/usr/bin/goaccess</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> -<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>a</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>log-format</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-option z-shell">=</span>COMBINED<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> /var/www/log/index.html <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-redirection z-shell">&amp;&gt;</span>/dev/null</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Il suffit de rajouter cette commande au crontab, afin qu'elle soit exécutée assez souvent. Par exemple pour que les stats soient rafraîchies toutes les 15 minutes, après un <code>crontab -e</code> :</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-begin z-shell">#</span></span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> m h dom mon dow command</span><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-shell"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">*/15</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span> /bin/zcat<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>f</span> /var/log/nginx/access.log<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-regexp z-quantifier z-shell">*</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">grep</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>v</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>GET /log/<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-pipe z-shell">|</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">/usr/bin/goaccess</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> -<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>a</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>log-format</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-option z-shell">=</span>COMBINED<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> /var/www/log/index.html <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-redirection z-shell">&amp;&gt;</span>/dev/null</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Reste à rendre accessible ce fichier. Générons d'abord des mots de passe d'accès (nécessite <code>htpasswd</code>, présent dans le paquet <code>apache2-utils</code> sous <a href="https://www.debian.org/index.fr.html">debian</a>).</p> <pre data-lang="sh" class="language-sh z-code"><code class="language-sh" data-lang="sh"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">htpasswd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>c</span> <span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-shell">&quot;</span>/etc/nginx/.htpasswd<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-shell">&quot;</span></span> USERNAME</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Rentrez un mot de passe, et rajoutons le chemin <code>/log</code> à notre fichier nginx. Vous devriez avoir un fichier <code>/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/WEBFILE</code>. Rajoutez dedans :</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain"> location /log { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> root /var/www; </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> index index.html; </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> auth_basic &quot;Restricted&quot;; </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> auth_basic_user_file &quot;/etc/nginx/.htpasswd&quot;; </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> } </span></code></pre> <p>Après un <code>systemctl reload nginx</code>, vous devriez pouvoir accéder à vos log depuis <code>https://&lt;servname&gt;/log/</code>.</p>